Raman spectroscopy, fullerenes and nanotechnology

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010275781	QC454.R36 A44 2010	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... Razak School	33000000000652	QC454.R36 A44 2010	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This unique book is the first treatment of nanotechnology as the science controlled by the behaviour of thermodynamic small systems. It provides comprehensive discussions on fullerenes as building blocks, Raman spectroscopy as a powerful diagnostic tool, and nanotechnology as the technology bridging the gap between human-made and biological materials systems. Aimed at graduate students, scientists, researchers, and educators interested in academia, government and industry, the text is divided into four chapters. The first covers the potential of nanotechnology to develop a better, deeper understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena observed in natural systems. It also contains a section introducing nanotechnology to the public in simple, non-scientific terms. The second chapter is devoted to Raman spectroscopy and could in itself serve as a basis for a short course on its applications in materials science. The third section covers fullerenes and presents their history and development as well as discussing the structure and production of zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, and two-dimensional fullerenes. The fourth and final chapter serves as a correlation discussion and over view. It emphasizes the unique nano-phenomena exhibited by the fullerene systems as carbon based nanostructured systems. This chapter, and therefore the book, concludes with a discussion on the potential of nano-science and technology to shape the future of human society.

Author Notes

Maher S. Amer has over 15 years academic experience in Raman spectroscopy and more than a decade in nanotechnology and fullerene behaviour. Based at Wright State University, he is Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, Alexander von Humboldt Fellow, and Former Visiting Fellow at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge.

Chapter 1 Nanotechnology, the Technology of Small Thermodynamic Systems	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Origins of Nanotechnology	p. 1
1.3 What Nanotechnology Is	p. 4
1.3.1 What Can Nanotechnology Do For Us?	p. 5
1.3.2 Where did the Name ôNanoö Came From?	p. 5
1.3.3 Does Every Nanosystem Have to Be so Small?	p. 6
1.3.4 How and Why do the Properties of Matter Change by Entering the Nano-domain?	p. 7
1.3.5 Has Nanotechnology Been Used Before?	p. 7
1.3.6 Why did it Take us so Long to Realize the Importance of Nanotechnology?	p. 9
1.4 Back to the Science	p. 11
1.5 Large Systems and Small Systems Limits	p. 11
1.6 Scales of Inhomogeneity	p. 14
1.6.1 Thermal Gravitational Scale	p. 14
1.6.2 Capillary Length	p. 14
1.6.3 Tolman Length	p. 5
1.6.4 Line Tension (¿) and the (¿/¿) Ratio	p. 16
1.6.5 Correlation Length (¿)	p. 17
1.7 Thermodynamics of Small Systems	p. 19
1.8 Configurational Entropy of Small Systems	p. 21
1.9 Nanophenomena	p. 26
1.9.1 Optical Phenomena	p. 26
1.9.2 Electronic Phenomena	p. 30
1.9.3 Thermal Phenomena	p. 35
1.9.4 Mechanical Phenomena	p. 37
References	p. 38
Chapter 2 Raman Spectroscopy; (the Diagnostic Tool	p. 43
2.1 Introduction	p. 43
2.2 Raman Phenomenon	p. 44
2.3 General Theory of Raman Scattering	p. 44
2.4 Raman Selection Rules	p. 47
2.4.1 Vibration Modes and the Polarizability Tensor	p. 47
2.5 Symmetry	p. 50
2.5.1 Identity (E)	p. 51
2.5.2 Center of Symmetry (i)	p. 51
2.5.3 Rotation Axes (C n )	p. 52
2.5.4 Planes of Symmetry (¿) (Minor Planes)	p. 53
2.5.5 Rotation Reflection Axes (p n ) (Improper Rotation)	p. 53
2.5.6 Symmetry Elements and Symmetry Operations	p. 55
2.6 Point Groups	p. 56
2.6.1 Point Groups of Molecules	p. 56
2.6.2 Point Groups of Crystals	p. 60
2.7 Space Groups	p. 62
2.7.1 Screw Axis (n p )	p. 63
2.7.2 Glide Planes	p. 65
2.7.3 Space Groups in One- and Two-dimensional Space	p. 66
2.8 Character Table	p. 69
2.8.1 Symmetry Operations and Transformation of Directional Properties	p. 69
2.8.2 Degenerate Symmetry Species (Degenerate Representations)	p. 73
2.8.3 Symmetry Species in Linear Molecules	p. 74
2.8.4 Classification of Normal Vibration by Symmetry	p. 74
2.8.5 Raman Overtones and Combination Bands	p. 79
2.8.6 Molecular and Lattice Raman Modes	p. 79
2.9 Raman from an Energy Transfer Viewpoint	p. 81
2.10 Boltzmann Distribution and its Correlation to Raman Lines	p. 83
2.11 Perturbation Effects on Raman Bands	p. 85
2.11.1 Strain Effects	p. 85
2.11.2 Heat Effects	p. 86
2.11.3 Hydrostatic Pressure Effects	p. 88
2.11.4 Structural Imperfections Effects	p. 90
2.11.5 Chemical Potentials Effects	p. 92
2.12 Resonant Raman Effect	p. 95
2.13 Calculations of Raman Band Positions	p. 95
2.14 Polarized Raman and Band Intensity	p. 96
2.15 Dispersion Effect	p. 99
2.16 Instrumentation	p. 101
Recommended General Reading	p. 106
References	p. 106
Chapter 3 Fullerenes, the Building Blocks	p. 109
3.1 Overview	p. 109
3.2 Introduction	p. 109
3.3 Fullerenes, the Beginnings and Current State	p. 110
3.4 Zero-dimensional Fullerenes: The Structure	p. 117
3.4.1 Structure of the [60] Fullerene Molecule	p. 123
3.4.2 Structure of the [70] Fullerene Molecule	p. 126
3.5 Production Methods of Fullerenes	p. 129
3.5.1 Huffman- Krätschmer Method	p. 129
3.5.2 Benzene Combustion Method	p. 131
3.5.3 Condensation Method	p. 132
3.6 Extraction Methods of Fullerenes	p. 133
3.7 Purification Methods of Fullerene	p. 137
3.8 Fullerene Onions	p. 140
3.9 One-dimensional Fullerene: the Structure	p. 143
3.9.1 Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs)	p. 143
3.9.2 Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)	p. 155
3.9.3 Production of Carbon Nanotubes	p. 158
3.10 Two-dimensional Fullerenes - Graphene	p. 161
References	p. 168
Chapter 4 The Nano-frontier; Properties, Achievements, and Challenges	p. 182
4.1 Introduction	p. 182
4.2 Raman Scattering of Fullerenes	p. 183
4.2.1 Raman Scattering of C 60 Molecules and Crystals	p. 183
4.2.2 Raman Scattering of C 70	p. 189
4.2.3 Raman Scattering of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes	p. 190
4.2.4 Raman Scattering of Double- and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes	p. 197
4.2.5 Raman Scattering of Graphene	p. 201
4.2.6 Thermal Effects on Raman Scattering	p. 208
4.3 Fullerene Solubility and Solvent Interactions	p. 215
4.3.1 Solvent Effects on Fullerenes	p. 221
4.3.2 Fullerene Effects on Solvents	p. 225
4.4 Fullerenes under Pressure	p. 229
4.5 Overview, Potentials, Challenges, and Concluding Remarks	p. 236
References	p. 240
Appendix 1 Character Tables for Various Point Groups	p. 259
Appendix 2 General Formula for Calculating the Number of Normal Vibrations in Each Symmetry Species	p. 267
Appendix 3 Polarizability Tensors for the 32 Point Groups including the Icosahedral Group	p. 272
Subject Index	p. 276

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