Tip enhancement

This book discusses the recent advances in the area of near-field Raman scattering, mainly focusing on tip-enhanced and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Some of the key features covered here are the optical structuring and manipulations, single molecule sensitivity, analysis of single-walled carbon nanotubes, and analytic applications in chemistry, biology and material sciences. This book also discusses the plasmonic materials for better enhancement, and optical antennas. Further, near-field microscopy based on second harmonic generation is also discussed. Chapters have been written by some of the leading scientists in this field, who present some of their recent work in this field.

M.A. Young and J. A. Dieringer and R.P. Van DuyneM. Futamata and Y. MaruyamaY. Inouye and P. Verma and T. Ichimura and S. KawataT. Schmid and B.-S. Yeo and W. Zhang and R. ZenobiA. Hartschuh and H. Qian and A.J. Meixner and N. Anderson and L. NovotnyD. Mehtani and N. Lee and R.D. Hartschuh and A. Kisliuk and M.D. Foster and A.P. Sokolov and J.F. MaguireR. BachelotA. V. ZayatsB. Hecht and P. Muhlschlegel and J.N. Farahani and H.-J. Eisler and D.W. Pohl

List of Contributors	p. v
Preface	p. ix
Chapter 1 Plasmonic materials for surface-enhanced and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy	p. 1
[Section] 1 Introduction	p. 3
[Section] 2 Nanosphere lithography	p. 5
[Section] 3 Size- and shape-tunable localized surface plasmon resonance spectra	p. 6
[Section] 4 Fundamentals of localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy	p. 7
[Section] 5 Electrodynamic calculations	p. 7
[Section] 6 The distance dependence of the localized surface plasmon resonance	p. 9
[Section] 7 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy	p. 14
[Section] 8 Wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy	p. 15
[Section] 9 SERS enhancement factor calculation	p. 25
[Section] 10 SERS distance dependence by atomic layer deposition	p. 27
[Section] 11 2D correlation analysis of SMSERS and single nanoparticle SERS data	p. 29
[Section] 12 Tip-enhanced Raman scattering	p. 31
[Section] 13 TERS force dependence using AFM	p. 34
[Section] 14 Conclusion and outlook	p. 35
Acknowledgments	p. 36
References	p. 37
Chapter 2 Towards single molecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering	p. 41
[Section] 1 Introduction	p. 43
[Section] 2 Experiments and numerical analysis	p. 48
2.1 Experimental set up for SERS measurement	p. 48
2.1.1 Ag nanoparticles preparation	p. 48
2.2 Numerical analysis of the local electric field and elastic scattering spectra for metal nanostructures	p. 50
[Section] 3 Results and discussion	p. 53
3.1 Hot particles in SERS	p. 53
3.2 Local field evaluation on the Ag nanoparticles	p. 55
3.3 Origin of the blinking	p. 63
3.3.1 Blinking at room temperature	p. 63
3.3.2 Blinking at low temperature	p. 66
3.4 Critical importance of the junction for SMS-SERS	p. 70
3.4.1 Elastic scattering experiments	p. 70
3.4.2 Numerical simulations of elastic scattering spectra	p. 72
3.5 Emission spectra	p. 79
[Section] 4 Summary	p. 83
Acknowledgment	p. 84
References	p. 84
Chapter 3 Near-field effects in tip-enhanced Raman scattering	p. 87
[Section] 1 Introduction	p. 89
[Section] 2 Tip enhancement of Raman scattering	p. 90
2.1 Metallic probe as a nanolight source	p. 90
[Section] 3 Enhancement mechanism for Rhodamine 6G	p. 91
3.1 RRS and SERRS spectra of R6G	p. 92
3.2 TERS spectra of R6G	p. 94
[Section] 4 Near-field Raman scattering from Carbon-60	p. 98
4.1 The gap-mode enhancement	p. 98
4.2 Tip-force effect on C60	p. 100
[Section] 5 Tip-enhanced nonlinear optical spectroscopy	p. 105
5.1 Photon confinement due to nonlinear optical effect	p. 105
5.2 Tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering	p. 106
5.3 Experimental system	p. 109
5.4 Tip-enhanced CARS images of DNA clusters	p. 110
[Section] 6 Conclusion	p. 112
References	p. 112
Chapter 4 Use of tip-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy for analytical applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science	p. 115
[Section] 1 Introduction	p. 117
[Section] 2 Setups for tip-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy	p. 118
2.1 Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS)	p. 118
2.2 Tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (TE-CARS)	p. 119
2.3 Scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM)	p. 121
2.4 Tip fabrication	p. 123
[Section] 3 Enhancement factors and lateral resolution	p. 125
3.1 TERS contrasts and enhancement factors	p. 125
3.2 Comparison of TERS contrasts and enhancement factors	p. 132
3.3 Lateral resolution in apertureless near-field microscopy	p. 134
[Section] 4 Chemical applications	p. 135
4.1 Dyes	p. 135
4.2 Catalysis	p. 135
4.3 Microfluidics and chromatography	p. 137
[Section] 5 Biological applications	p. 138
5.1 Biopolymers	p. 138
5.2 Viruses and biological tissues	p. 141
[Section] 6 Applications in materials science	p. 143
6.1 Nanotubes	p. 143
6.2 Material-specific mapping	p. 145
6.3 Semiconductors	p. 148
6.4 SERS substrates	p. 149
[Section] 7 Conclusions and outlook	p. 150
Acknowledgments	p. 152
References	p. 153
Chapter 5 Tip-enhanced optical spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes	p. 157
[Section] 1 Introduction	p. 159
[Section] 2 Experimental setup	p. 160
[Section] 3 Single-walled carbon nanotubes	p. 161
[Section] 4 Near-field Raman spectroscopy of SWCNTs	p. 163
[Section] 5 Near-field photoluminescence spectroscopy of SWCNTs	p. 167
[Section] 6 Discussion of the signal enhancement and the image contrast	p. 170
[Section] 7 Conclusions and outlook	p. 172
Acknowledgments	p. 173
References	p. 173
Chapter 6 Scanning nano-Raman spectroscopy of silicon and other semiconducting materials	p. 177
[Section] 1 Introduction	p. 179
[Section] 2 Side-illumination geometry and preparation of tips	p. 182
[Section] 3 Apparent enhancement and its localization	p. 184
[Section] 4 Tip enhancement and contrast	p. 189
[Section] 5 Improving contrast for silicon	p. 191
[Section] 6 Optical properties of the apertureless tips	p. 197
[Section] 7 Summary and outlook	p. 201
Acknowledgments	p. 202
References	p. 202
Chapter 7 Near-field optical structuring and manipulation based on local field enhancement in the vicinity of metal nano structures	p. 205
[Section] 1 Introduction: context and motivation	p. 207
[Section] 2 General consideration on the optics of metal nanostructures	p. 211
[Section] 3 Tip-enhanced optical lithography (TEOL)	p. 217
3.1 TEOL on inorganic material	p. 218
3.2 TEOL on photopolymer	p. 220
[Section] 4 NFOL based on localized 3-D surface plasmons	p. 227
[Section] 5 Mask-based surface plasmon lithography	p. 229
[Section] 6 Conclusion	p. 231
Acknowledgments	p. 231
References	p. 232
Chapter 8 Apertureless near-field microscopy of second-harmonic generation	p. 235
[Section] 1 Introduction	p. 237
[Section] 2 Second-harmonic generation imaging with SNOM	p. 240
[Section] 3 SHG in the presence of a probe tip	p. 242
3.1 SHG from a probe tip: a localized light source	p. 244
3.2 Tip-enhanced surface SHG	p. 245
3.3 Self-consistent model of second-harmonic ASNOM	p. 247
[Section] 4 Second-harmonic ASNOM: experimental realisation	p. 251
[Section] 5 SHG enhancement at conical objects	p. 254
[Section] 6 SHG from a metal tip apex	p. 256
[Section] 7 SHG ASNOM applications for functional materials characterisation	p. 264
[Section] 8 Conclusion	p. 270
Acknowledgments	p. 271
References	p. 272
Chapter 9 Resonant optical antennas and single emitters	p. 275
[Section] 1 Introduction	p. 277
[Section] 2 Antenna basics	p. 279
2.1 Field enhancement in resonant dipole antennas	p. 281
2.2 Emission of radiation from dipole antennas	p. 282
2.2.1 Antenna equivalent circuit	p. 283
2.2.2 Antenna impedance	p. 284
2.2.3 True current distribution in a thin dipole antenna	p. 285
[Section] 3 Antennas for light	p. 289
3.1 Introduction	p. 289
3.2 Light confinement by resonant dipole antennas	p. 290
3.2.1 Nonplasmonic optical antenna	p. 290
3.2.2 Plasmonic optical antenna	p. 292
3.3 Light confinement by a resonant bowtie antenna	p. 294
3.4 Fabrication and characterization of resonant optical antennas	p. 294
[Section] 4 Single dipole emitters coupled to optical antennas	p. 297
4.1 Properties of single dipole emitters near metal nano structures	p. 300
4.2 Experimental realization: creating an antenna-based super-emitter	p. 302
[Section] 5 Conclusion	p. 304
Acknowledgments	p. 304
References	p. 304
Author index	p. 309
Subject index	p. 321

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