The design of prestressed concrete bridges : concepts and principles

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Title:

Personal Author:

Benaim, Robert

Publication Information:

Abingdon, Oxon : Taylor & Francis, 2008

ISBN:

9780415235990

Subject Term:

Bridges, Concrete -- Design and construction

Reinforced concrete construction

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010168010	TG340 B46 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010204642	TG340 B46 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
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Examining the fundamental differences between design and analysis, Robert Benaim explores the close relationship between aesthetic and technical creativity and the importance of the intuitive, more imaginative qualities of design that every designer should employ when designing a structure.

Aiding designers of concrete bridges in developing an intuitive understanding of structural action, this book encourages innovation and the development of engineering architecture. Simple, relevant calculation techniques that should precede any detailed analysis are summarized. Construction methods used to build concrete bridge decks and substructures are detailed and direct guidance on the choice and the sizing of different types of concrete bridge deck is given. In addition guidance is provided on solving recurring difficult problems of detailed design and realistic examples of the design process are provided.

This book enables concrete bridge designers to broaden their scope in design and provides an analysis of the necessary calculations and methods.

Author Notes

Robert Benaim is a world-renowned specialist in the design of prestressed concrete structures

Figures	p. xiii
Acknowledgements	p. xxii
Disclaimer	p. xxiii
Introduction	p. 1
1 The nature of design	p. 4
1.1 Design and analysis	p. 4
1.2 A personal view of the design process	p. 5
1.3 Teamwork in design	p. 6
1.4 The specialisation of designers	p. 7
1.5 Qualities required by a bridge designer	p. 8
1.6 Economy and beauty in design	p. 9
1.7 Expressive design	p. 14
1.8 Bridges as sculpture	p. 19
1.9 Engineering as an art form	p. 23
2 Basic concepts	p. 28
2.1 Introduction	p. 28
2.2 Units	p. 28
2.3 Loads on bridge decks	p. 28
2.4 Bending moments, shear force and torque	p. 29
2.5 Limit states	p. 32
2.6 Statical determinacy and indeterminacy	p. 33
3 Reinforced concrete	p. 35
3.1 General	p. 35
3.2 The historical development of reinforced concrete	p. 35
3.3 General principles of reinforced concrete	p. 37
3.4 Reinforced concrete in bending	p. 40
3.5 The cracking of reinforced concrete	p. 47
3.6 The exothermic reaction	p. 51
3.7 The ductility of reinforced concrete	p. 57
3.8 Imposed loads and imposed deflections	p. 58
3.9 Creep and relaxation of concrete	p. 60
3.10 Truss analogy	p. 61
3.11 Strut-and-tie analogy	p. 70
3.12 Continuity between the concepts of bending and arching action	p. 77
4 Prestressed concrete	p. 80
4.1 Introduction	p. 80
4.2 A comparison between reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete	p. 84
4.3 Pre-tensioning and post-tensioning	p. 89
4.4 Conclusion	p. 90
5 Prestressing for statically determinate beams	p. 91
5.1 General	p. 91
5.2 Materials employed for the example	p. 91
5.3 Section properties	p. 91
5.4 Central kern and section efficiency	p. 93
5.5 Loads	p. 95
5.6 Bending moments, bending stresses and shear force	p. 95
5.7 Centre of pressure	p. 96
5.8 Calculation of the prestress force	p. 97
5.9 Table of stresses	p. 100
5.10 Non-zero stress limits	p. 101
5.11 Compressive stress limits	p. 102
5.12 Sign convention	p. 103
5.13 Arrangement of tendons at mid-span	p. 103
5.14 Cable zone	p. 104
5.15 The technology of prestressing	p. 107
5.16 Cable profile	p. 111
5.17 Losses of prestress	p. 116
5.18 The concept of equivalent load	p. 120
5.19 Internal and external loads	p. 125
5.20 Prestress effect on shear force	p. 125
5.21 Anchoring the shear force	p. 126
5.22 Deflections	p. 126
5.23 The shortening of prestressed members	p. 128
5.24 Forces applied by prestress anchorages	p. 129
5.25 Following steel	p. 135
5.26 The introduction of prestress forces	p. 137
5.27 Bonded and unbonded cables	p. 137
6 Prestressing for continuous beams	p. 139
6.1 General	p. 139
6.2 The nature of prestress parasitic moments	p. 139
6.3 Parasitic moments at the ULS	p. 142
6.4 The effect of parasitic moments on the beam reactions	p. 143
6.5 Concordant cables	p. 144
6.6 Straight cables in built-in beams	p. 144
6.7 Cable transformations	p. 145
6.8 Control of prestress parasitic moments	p. 145
6.9 Details of the sample bridge deck	p. 146
6.10 Section properties	p. 147
6.11 Comment on the accuracy of calculations	p. 149
6.12 Dead and live loads	p. 150
6.13 Bending moments	p. 150
6.14 Considerations on the choice of tendon size	p. 164
6.15 Calculating the prestress force	p. 165
6.16 Prestress scheme 1	p. 167
6.17 Prestress scheme 2	p. 174
6.18 Non-zero stress limits	p. 175
6.19 Very eccentric cross sections	p. 177
6.20 Design of the parasitic moments	p. 177
6.21 Modification of bending moments due to creep	p. 179
6.22 Modification of bending stresses due to creep following change of cross section	p. 184
6.23 Bursting out of tendons	p. 185
6.24 The anchorage of tendons in blisters	p. 187
6.25 Checks at the ULS	p. 187
7 Articulation of bridges and the design of substructure	p. 191
7.1 General	p. 191
7.2 Design parameters	p. 191
7.3 Bearings: general design considerations	p. 194
7.4 Mechanical bearings	p. 194
7.5 Elastomeric bearings	p. 197
7.6 Concrete hinges	p. 198
7.7 Design of foundations	p. 199
7.8 The design of piers	p. 208
7.9 The articulation of decks with mechanical bearings	p. 212
7.10 Deck on laminated rubber bearings	p. 222
7.11 Piers built into the deck	p. 223
7.12 Split piers	p. 223
7.13 Integral bridges	p. 226
7.14 Continuity versus statical determinacy	p. 227
7.15 Examples of bridge articulation	p. 231
8 The general principles of concrete deck design	p. 238
8.1 General	p. 238
8.2 Transverse bending	p. 238
8.3 Transverse distribution of live loads	p. 240
8.4 Material quantities and costs	p. 243
8.5 Choice of most economical span	p. 248
9 The design of bridge deck components	p. 250
9.1 General	p. 250
9.2 Side cantilevers	p. 250
9.3 Top slabs	p. 264
9.4 Bottom slabs	p. 270
9.5 Webs	p. 278
9.6 Diaphragms	p. 294
9.7 Deck drainage	p. 303
9.8 Waterproofing	p. 306
9.10 Expansion joints	p. 307
10 Precast beams	p. 308
10.1 General	p. 308
10.2 Standard precast beams	p. 308
10.3 Customised precast beams	p. 312
11 Solid slabs, voided slabs and multi-cell box girders	p. 327
11.1 Slab bridges, general	p. 327
11.2 Reinforced concrete slab bridges	p. 327
11.3 Prestressed concrete slab bridges	p. 328
11.4 Solid slab portal bridges	p. 333
11.5 Voided slabs	p. 340
11.6 Case history: River Nene Bridge	p. 344
11.7 Multi-cell box girders	p. 346
12 Ribbed slabs	p. 349
12.1 General	p. 349
12.2 Behaviour of twin rib decks	p. 351
12.3 The use of diaphragms	p. 355
12.4 Proportioning of twin rib decks	p. 357
12.5 Ribbed slabs and skew bridges	p. 362
12.6 Heat of hydration effects on twin rib decks	p. 362
12.7 Prestress layout	p. 365
12.8 Substructure for twin rib bridges	p. 365
12.9 Construction technology	p. 365
12.10 The development of ribbed slabs	p. 367
13 Box girders	p. 369
13.1 General	p. 369
13.2 Cast-in-situ construction of boxes	p. 369
13.3 Evolution towards the box form	p. 371
13.4 Shape and appearance of boxes	p. 372
13.5 The number of webs per box	p. 378
13.6 Number of boxes in the deck cross section	p. 379
14 Counter-cast technology for box section decks	p. 386
14.1 General	p. 386
14.2 Long line casting	p. 387
14.3 Short line casting	p. 388
15 The construction of girder bridges	p. 414
15.1 General	p. 414
15.2 Cast-in-situ span-by-span construction of continuous beams	p. 414
15.3 Precast segmental span-by-span erection	p. 422
15.4 Cast-in-situ balanced cantilever construction	p. 428
15.5 Precast segmental balanced cantilever construction	p. 439
15.6 Progressive erection of precast segmental decks	p. 458
15.7 Construction programme for precast segmental decks	p. 459
15.8 Incremental launching	p. 460
15.9 Prefabrication of complete spans	p. 475
16 The effect of scale on the method of construction	p. 484
16.1 General	p. 484
16.2 A bridge length of 130 m on four spans	p. 484
16.3 A bridge length of 130 m on three spans	p. 485
16.4 The bridge is 500 m long	p. 487
16.5 A series of short bridges totalling typically 1,000 m	p. 490
16.6 The bridge is 1,000 m long	p. 491
16.7 The bridge is 2,000 m long	p. 492
16.8 The bridge is 10,000 m long	p. 494
17 The design and construction of arches	p. 498
17.1 General	p. 498
17.2 Line of thrust	p. 498
17.3 Unreinforced concrete and masonry arches	p. 501
17.4 Flat arches	p. 502
17.5 Reinforced concrete arches	p. 503
17.6 Short-span reinforced concrete arches with earth fill	p. 504
17.7 Longer span reinforced concrete arches supporting bridge decks	p. 509
17.8 Construction of arches	p. 512
17.9 Progressive collapse of multi-span arch bridges	p. 516
17.10 Tied arches	p. 516
18 Cable-supported decks	p. 519
18.1 General	p. 519
18.2 Extradosed bridge decks	p. 519
18.3 Undertrussed bridges	p. 521
18.4 Cable-stayed bridges	p. 522
18.5 Stressed ribbon bridges	p. 552
18.6 Steel cable catenary bridges	p. 560
18.7 Flat suspension bridges	p. 561
Appendix	p. 564
References	p. 568
Index	p. 572

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Author Notes

Table of Contents