Reverse engineering : an industrial perspective

Title:

Series:

Springer series in advanced manufacturing

Publication Information:

London : Springer, 2008

ISBN:

9781846288555

Subject Term:

Reverse engineering

Added Author:

Raja, Vinesh

Fernandes, Kiran J., (Kiran Jude)

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010164669	TA168.5 R48 2008	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Congratulations and thank you for reading this book! You hold in your hand perhaps the first book solely written on mechanical reverse engineering from an industry perspective. The motivation for this book originates from the needs of today's global industry. We recall an incident during one of our industrial trips to a local manufact- ing company. The office secretary was photocopying documents for this me- ing, when the manufacturing manager remarked, "Wouldn't it be nice if I could do the same with mechanical parts, it would save me and my team a lot of time and money. " "Have you not heard of reverse engineering?" we asked him. "- verse engineering, isn't that something to do with programming computers?" "No," we replied. "Reverse engineering (RE) refers to creating a computer-aided design (CAD) model from an existing physical object, which can be used as a design tool for producing a copy of an object, extracting the design concept of an existing model, or reengineering an existing part. " His eyes lit up. Such sit- tions are not uncommon in today's manufacturing arena. With globalization and trade liberalization, manufacturing companies face increasing competition from goods and services produced in lower wage eco- mies. Countries in the West cannot compete against low wages and must the- fore depend on raising innovation and best practices to create better products.

Author Notes

Professor Vinesh Raja is a Professorial Fellow in Informatics at the University of Warwick. He is in-charge of the Informatics Group, which encompasses the Virtual Reality Center (VRC) and the Collaborative Product Commerce Center (CPC) at the Warwick Manufacturing Group. He focuses on augmenting and extending everyday, learning and work activities with interactive technologies that move 'beyond the desktop'. This involves designing enhanced user experiences through appropriating and assembling a diversity of technologies including haptics, handheld and pervasive computing. The main focus of his research is not the technology per se but the design and integration of the digital representations that are presented via them to support social and cognitive activities in ways that extend current capabilities.

Dr. Kiran Jude Fernandes is the 40th Anniversary Research Lecturer in Management at the University of York. He has been a pioneer in the systematic study of Information Modelling Techniques and Tools and has studied their evolution using techniques from the Biological Sciences Domain. His research and teaching interests include strategic uses of information systems, information management, and the impact of information technology on the risks and benefits of outsourcing and strategic alliances. Prior to joining the University of York, Kiran worked at the University of Warwick and the NASA John C. Stennis Space Center.

List of Contributors	p. xvii
1 Introduction to Reverse Engineering	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 What Is Reverse Engineering?	p. 2
1.3 Why Use Reverse Engineering?	p. 3
1.4 Reverse Engineering-The Generic Process	p. 4
1.5 Phase 1-Scanning	p. 5
1.5.1 Contact Scanners	p. 5
1.5.2 Noncontact Scanners	p. 6
1.6 Phase 2-Point Processing	p. 7
1.7 Phase 3-Application Geometric Model Development	p. 8
2 Methodologies and Techniques for Reverse Engineering-The Potential for Automation with 3-D Laser Scanners	p. 11
2.1 Computer-aided Reverse Engineering	p. 11
2.1.1 What Is Not Reverse Engineering?	p. 12
2.1.2 What is Computer-aided (Forward) Engineering?	p. 12
2.1.3 What Is Computer-aided Reverse Engineering?	p. 13
2.2 Computer Vision and Reverse Engineering	p. 15
2.2.1 Coordinate Measuring Machines	p. 15
2.2.2 Active Illumination 3-D Stereo	p. 17
2.2.3 Benefits and Drawbacks	p. 20
2.3 Structured-light Range Imaging	p. 21
2.3.1 Source Illumination Categories	p. 22
2.3.2 Sheet-of-light Range Imaging	p. 25
2.4 Scanner Pipeline	p. 27
2.4.1 Data Collection	p. 27
2.4.2 Mesh Reconstruction	p. 29
2.4.3 Surface Fitting	p. 31
2.5 Conclusions	p. 32
Acknowledgments	p. 32
3 Reverse Engineering-Hardware and Software	p. 33
3.1 Introduction	p. 33
3.2 Reverse Engineering Hardware	p. 34
3.2.1 Contact Methods	p. 34
3.2.2 Noncontact Methods	p. 37
3.2.3 Destructive Method	p. 46
3.3 Reverse Engineering Software	p. 53
3.3.1 Reverse Engineering Software Classification	p. 53
3.3.2 Reverse Engineering Phases	p. 54
3.3.3 Fundamental Reverse Engineering Operations	p. 60
3.4 Conclusion	p. 69
4 Selecting a Reverse Engineering System	p. 71
4.1 Introduction	p. 72
4.2 The Selection Process	p. 75
4.2.1 Team Formation	p. 75
4.2.2 Identify the Business Opportunity and Technical Requirements	p. 75
4.2.3 Vendor and System Information Gathering	p. 76
4.2.4 Vendor Short-listing	p. 76
4.2.5 Visit the Short-listed Vendors	p. 77
4.2.6 Detailed Vendor Assessment	p. 78
4.2.7 Benchmarking	p. 79
4.2.8 Perform a Commercial Evaluation of the Vendor Chosen	p. 79
4.3 Some Additional Complexities	p. 79
4.4 Point Capture Devices	p. 80
4.4.1 Contact Devices-Hard or Manual Probe	p. 80
4.4.2 Touch-trigger Probe	p. 81
4.4.3 Continuous Analogue Scanning Probe	p. 82
4.4.4 Other Facets of Probe Selection	p. 82
4.4.5 Noncontact Devices	p. 83
4.5 Triangulation Approaches	p. 83
4.6 """"Time-of-flight"""" or Ranging Systems	p. 84
4.7 Structured-light and Stereoscopic Imaging Systems	p. 84
4.8 Issues with Light-based Approaches	p. 85
4.9 Tracking Systems	p. 86
4.10 Internal Measurement Systems	p. 86
4.10.1 X-ray Tomography	p. 86
4.11 Destructive Systems	p. 87
4.12 Some Comments on Accuracy	p. 87
4.13 Positioning the Probe	p. 89
4.14 Postprocessing the Captured Data	p. 90
4.15 Handling Data Points	p. 91
4.16 Curve and Surface Creation	p. 93
4.17 Inspection Applications	p. 95
4.18 Manufacturing Approaches	p. 96
4.19 Conclusion	p. 96
4.20 Appendix	p. 97
4.20.1 Data Capture Vendors	p. 97
4.20.2 Postprocessing Vendors	p. 98
5 Introduction to Rapid Prototyping	p. 99
5.1 The Basic Process	p. 100
5.2 Current Techniques and Materials	p. 102
5.2.1 Stereolithography	p. 102
5.2.2 Selective Laser Sintering	p. 104
5.2.3 Fused Deposition Modeling	p. 105
5.2.4 Three-dimensional Printing	p. 106
5.2.5 Laminated Object Manufacturing	p. 108
5.2.6 Multijet Modeling	p. 109
5.2.7 Laser-engineered Net Shaping	p. 110
5.3 Applications	p. 110
5.3.1 Rapid Prototyping	p. 111
5.3.2 Rapid Tooling	p. 112
5.3.3 Rapid Manufacturing	p. 113
5.4 Future	p. 114
6 Relationship Between Reverse Engineering and Rapid Prototyping	p. 119
6.1 Introduction	p. 120
6.1.1 Modeling Cloud Data in Reverse Engineering	p. 120
6.1.2 Data Processing for Rapid Prototyping	p. 122
6.1.3 Integration of RE and RP for Layer-based Model Generation	p. 122
6.2 The Adaptive Slicing Approach for Cloud Data Modeling	p. 124
6.3 Planar Polygon Curve Construction for a Layer	p. 125
6.3.1 Correlation Coefficient	p. 126
6.3.2 Initial Point Determination	p. 127
6.3.3 Constructing the First Line Segment (S 1 )	p. 128
6.3.4 Constructing the Remaining Line Segments (S i )	p. 130
6.4 Determination of Adaptive Layer Thickness	p. 132
6.5 Some Application Examples	p. 134
6.6 Conclusions	p. 139
Acknowledgments	p. 139
7 Reverse Engineering in the Automotive Industry	p. 141
7.1 Introduction	p. 141
7.2 Reverse Engineering-Workflow for Automotive Body Design	p. 142
7.3 Inside GM's Virtual NASCAR Engine Block	p. 143
7.4 Ferrari Speed Not Confined to Race Track	p. 146
7.5 Reverse Engineering for Better Quality	p. 149
7.6 A Look Ahead-Convergence of Digital and Physical Worlds	p. 152
Acknowledgments	p. 154
8 Reverse Engineering in the Aerospace Industry	p. 157
8.1 Introduction	p. 157
8.2 RE in Aerospace-A Work in Progress	p. 159
8.3 Reducing Costs of Hard Tooling	p. 162
8.4 Digitizing a NASA Space Vehicle	p. 164
8.5 Inspection in Half the Time	p. 169
8.6 Making the Next Great Leap	p. 173
Acknowledgments	p. 174
9 Reverse Engineering in the Medical Device Industry	p. 177
9.1 Introduction	p. 177
9.2 Orthodontics Without Wires and Brackets	p. 178
9.3 Improving the Scanning Process	p. 180
9.4 The Six-stage Process	p. 181
9.5 Achievement	p. 182
9.6 Digital Dentistry Becomes Reality	p. 182
9.7 Hearing Instruments Meet the Digital Age	p. 185
9.8 Reverse Engineering-A Better Knee Replacement	p. 188
9.9 The Quest for a Total Artificial Heart	p. 190
9.10 Moving Toward Mass Customization	p. 192
Acknowledgments	p. 194
10 Legal Aspects of Reverse Engineering	p. 195
10.1 Introduction	p. 195
10.2 Copyright Law	p. 196
10.3 Reverse Engineering	p. 198
10.4 Recent Case Law	p. 199
10.4.1 Sega Enterprises Ltd.v.Accolade, Inc	p. 199
10.4.2 Atari Games Corp.v.Nintendo of America, Inc	p. 201
10.5 The Fair Use Statutory Defense	p. 203
10.5.1 History and Changing the Law	p. 203
10.5.2 What Do We Know About Proper Reverse Engineering	p. 203
10.6 Conclusion	p. 206
11 Barriers to Adopting Reverse Engineering	p. 207
11.1 Background	p. 207
11.2 The Research Model	p. 208
11.3 Research Methodology	p. 213
11.4 Factor Analysis Approach	p. 214
11.4.1 Factor Determination Phase	p. 214
11.4.2 Data Collection	p. 214
11.5 Findings	p. 216
11.6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Research	p. 218
Color Section	p. 219
References	p. 231
Index	p. 239

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