Psychology in context

Title:

Personal Author:

Kosslyn, Stephen M.

Edition:

3rd ed.

Publication Information:

Boston, MA : Pearson/Allyn & Bacon, 2006

ISBN:

9780205456147

Subject Term:

Psychology -- Textbooks

Added Author:

Rosenberg, Robin

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010160296	BF121 K67 2006 f	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010245275	BF121 K67 2006 f	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

To be the most comprehensive neuroscience introductory psychology book, every chapter contains much new research and cutting-edge coverage, all accessibly presented with engaging real-world examples that make the material relevant and interesting to students.

Preface	p. xvii
Integrated Coverage of Gender and Cross-Cultural Issues	p. xxxiv
About the Authors	p. 1
Chapter 1 Psychology: Yesterday and Today	p. 2
The Science of Psychology: Getting to Know You	p. 4
What Is Psychology?	p. 4
Levels of Analysis: The Complete Psychology	p. 5
Psychology Then and Now: The Evolution of a Science	p. 10
Early Days: Beginning to Map Mental Processes and Behavior	p. 11
Psychodynamic Theory: More Than Meets the Eye	p. 14
Behaviorism: The Power of the Environment	p. 15
Humanistic Psychology	p. 16
The Cognitive Revolution	p. 17
Evolutionary Psychology	p. 18
The State of the Union: Psychology Today	p. 21
The Psychological Way: What Today's Psychologists Do	p. 22
Clinical and Counseling Psychology: A Healing Profession	p. 22
Academic Psychology: Teaching and Research	p. 24
Applied Psychology: Better Living Through Psychology	p. 25
The Changing Face of Psychology	p. 27
Ethics: Doing It Right	p. 29
Ethics in Research	p. 29
Ethics in Clinical Practice	p. 30
New Frontiers: Neuroethics	p. 32
Review and Remember!	p. 33
Chapter 2 The Research Process: How We Find Things Out	p. 36
The Scientific Method: Designed to Be Valid	p. 38
Step 1 Specifying a Problem	p. 38
Step 2 Observing Events	p. 38
Step 3 Forming a Hypothesis	p. 39
Step 4 Testing the Hypothesis	p. 39
Step 5 Formulating a Theory	p. 40
Step 6 Testing the Theory	p. 40
The Psychologist's Toolbox: Techniques of Scientific Research	p. 42
Descriptive Research: Just the Facts, Ma'am	p. 42
Correlational Research: Do Birds of a Feather Flock Together?	p. 44
Experimental Research: Manipulating and Measuring	p. 45
Be a Critical Consumer of Psychology	p. 49
Statistics: Measuring Reality	p. 54
Descriptive Statistics: Telling It Like It Is	p. 55
Inferential Statistics: Sorting the Wheat From the Chaff	p. 58
Lying With Statistics: When Good Numbers Go Bad	p. 61
Looking at Levels: Graph Design for the Human Mind	p. 65
How to Think About Research Studies	p. 66
Reading Research Reports: The QALMRI Method	p. 67
Writing Your Own Research Papers	p. 00
Review and Remember!	p. 73
Chapter 3 The Biology of Mind and Behavior: The Brain in Action	p. 76
Brain Circuits: Making Connections	p. 78
The Neuron: A Powerful Computer	p. 78
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Bridging the Gap	p. 82
Glial Cells: More Than the Neurons' Helpmates	p. 86
The Nervous System: An Orchestra With Many Members	p. 88
The Peripheral Nervous System: A Moving Story	p. 88
The Central Nervous System: Reflex and Reflection	p. 90
Spotlight on the Brain: How It Divides and Conquers	p. 94
The Cerebral Cortex: The Seat of the Mind	p. 94
The Dual Brain: Thinking With Both Barrels	p. 97
Beneath the Cortex: The Inner Brain	p. 100
The Neuroendocrine and Neuroimmune Systems: More Brain-Body Connections	p. 104
Looking at Levels: The Musical Brain	p. 106
Probing the Brain	p. 109
The Damaged Brain: What's Missing?	p. 109
Recording Techniques: The Music of the Cells	p. 109
Neuroimaging: Picturing the Living Brain	p. 111
Stimulation: Tickling the Neurons	p. 114
Genes, Brain, and Environment: The Brain in the World	p. 115
Genes as Blueprints: Born to Be Wild?	p. 115
Behavioral Genetics	p. 122
Evolution and the Brain: The Best of All Possible Brains?	p. 123
Review and Remember!	p. 127
Chapter 4 Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind	p. 132
Vision: Window on the World	p. 134
Visual Sensation: More Than Meets the Eye	p. 135
Phase 1 of Visual Perception: Organizing the World	p. 144
Phase 2 of Visual Perception: Recognition and Identification	p. 150
Combining What and Where: Faces and Gazes	p. 155
Attention: The Gateway to Awareness	p. 157
Looking at Levels: The Essential Features of Good Looks	p. 163
Hearing	p. 165
Auditory Sensation: If a Tree Falls but Nobody Hears It, Is There a Sound?	p. 165
Phase 1 of Auditory Perception: Organizing the Auditory World	p. 169
Phase 2 of Auditory Perception: Recognition and Identification	p. 171
Sensing and Perceiving in other Ways	p. 174
Smell: A Nose for News?	p. 174
Taste: The Mouth Has It	p. 177
Somasthetic Senses: Not Just Skin Deep	p. 179
Other Senses	p. 181
Review and Remember!	p. 183
Chapter 5 Consciousness: Focus on Awareness	p. 188
The Nature of Consciousness	p. 190
Functions of Consciousness	p. 190
The Experience of Consciousness	p. 191
Altered States of Consciousness	p. 191
To Sleep, Perchance to Dream	p. 193
Stages of Sleep: Working Through the Night	p. 193
Sleep Deprivation: Is Less Just as Good?	p. 196
The Function of Sleep	p. 199
Dream On	p. 200
The Brain Asleep	p. 202
Troubled Sleep	p. 205
Looking at Levels: Recovery From Jet Lag	p. 208
Hypnosis and Meditation	p. 209
What Is Hypnosis?	p. 210
Individual Differences: Who Is Hypnotizable?	p. 211
Hypnosis: Role Play or Brain State?	p. 212
Hypnosis as a Tool: Practical Applications	p. 213
Hypnosis as Possession Trance	p. 214
Meditation	p. 214
Drugs and Alcohol	p. 218
Substance Use and Abuse	p. 218
Depressants: Focus on Alcohol	p. 220
Stimulants: Focus on Cocaine	p. 224
Narcotic Analgesics: Focus on Heroin	p. 226
Hallucinogens: Focus on LSD	p. 227
Review and Remember!	p. 229
Chapter 6 Learning	p. 232
Classical Conditioning	p. 235
Pavlov's Experiments	p. 235
Classical Conditioning: How It Works	p. 237
Dissecting Conditioning: Mechanisms	p. 242
Classical Conditioning Applied	p. 244
Operant Conditioning	p. 250
The Roots of Operant Conditioning: Its Discovery and How It Works	p. 251
Principles of Operant Conditioning	p. 252
Beyond Basic Reinforcement	p. 258
The Operant Brain	p. 262
Looking at Levels: Facial Expressions as Reinforcement and Punishment	p. 265
Cognitive and Social Learning	p. 267
Cognitive Learning	p. 267
Insight Learning: Seeing the Connection	p. 268
Observational Learning: To See Is to Know	p. 269
Learning From Models	p. 271
Review and Remember!	p. 274
Chapter 7 Memory: Living with Yesterday	p. 276
Encoding Information into Memory: Time and Space Are of the Essence	p. 278
Types of Memory Stores	p. 279
Making Memories	p. 283
Storing Information: Not Just One LTM	p. 290
Modality-Specific Memories: The Multimedia Brain	p. 291
Semantic Versus Episodic Memory	p. 291
Explicit Versus Implicit Memories: Not Just the Facts, Ma'am	p. 292
Biological Foundations of Memory	p. 296
Looking at Levels: Autobiographical Memory	p. 299
Retrieving Information from Memory: More Than Reactivating the Past	p. 301
The Act of Remembering: Reconstructing Buried Cities	p. 301
Recognition Versus Recall	p. 302
Fact, Fiction, and Forgetting: When Memory Goes Wrong	p. 307
False Memories	p. 307
Forgetting: Many Ways to Lose It	p. 310
Repressed Memories: Real or Imagined?	p. 313
Improving Memory: Tricks and Tools	p. 315
Enhancing Encoding: New Habits and Special Tricks	p. 315
Enhancing Memory Retrieval: Knowing Where and How to Dig	p. 319
Review and Remember!	p. 321
Chapter 8 Language and Thinking: What Humans Do Best	p. 324
Language: More Than Meaningful Sounds	p. 326
The Essentials: What Makes Language Language?	p. 326
Language Development: Out of the Mouths of Babes	p. 335
Other Ways to Communicate: Are They Language?	p. 342
Bilingualism: A Window of Opportunity?	p. 344
Means of Thought: Words, Images, Concepts	p. 346
Words: Inner Speech and Spoken Thoughts	p. 347
Mental Imagery: Perception Without Sensation	p. 348
Concepts: Neither Images nor Words	p. 352
Problem Solving	p. 356
Solving Problems: More Than Inspiration	p. 357
Expertise: Why Hard Work Pays Off	p. 362
Artificial Intelligence	p. 364
Overcoming Obstacles to Problem Solving	p. 365
Logic, Reasoning, and Decision Making	p. 366
Are People Logical?	p. 367
Heuristics and Biases: Cognitive Illusions?	p. 369
Emotions and Decision Making: Having a Hunch	p. 371
Looking at Levels: The Ultimatum Game	p. 372
Review and Remember!	p. 375
Chapter 9 Types of Intelligence: What Does It Mean to Be Smart?	p. 378
Measuring Intelligence: What Is IQ?	p. 380
A Brief History of Intelligence Testing	p. 381
Scoring IQ Tests: Measuring the Mind	p. 383
IQ and Achievement: IQ in the Real World	p. 384
Analyzing Intelligence: One Ability or Many?	p. 385
Psychometric Approaches: IQ, g, and Specialized Abilities	p. 386
Emotional Intelligence: Knowing Feelings	p. 391
Multiple Intelligences: More Than One Way to Shine?	p. 392
What Makes Us Smart? Nature and Nurture	p. 395
The Machinery of Intelligence	p. 396
Smart Genes, Smart Environment: A Single System	p. 399
Group Differences in Intelligence	p. 404
Boosting IQ: Pumping Up the Mind's Muscle	p. 409
Looking at Levels: Stereotype Threat	p. 412
Diversity in Intelligence	p. 414
Mental Retardation: People With Special Needs	p. 414
The Gifted	p. 416
Creative Smarts	p. 417
Review and Remember!	p. 423
Chapter 10 Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving	p. 426
Emotion: I Feel, Therefore I Am	p. 429
Types of Emotion: What Can You Feel?	p. 429
What Causes Emotions?	p. 432
Expressing Emotions: Letting It All Hang Out?	p. 440
Perceiving Emotions: A Form of Mind Reading	p. 444
Looking at Levels: Lie Detection	p. 446
Motivation and Reward: More Than Feeling Good	p. 449
Getting Motivated: Sources and Theories of Motivation	p. 449
Needs and Wants: The Stick and the Carrot	p. 453
Hunger and Eating: Not Just About Fueling the Body	p. 458
Eating Behavior: The Hungry Mind in the Hungry Body	p. 459
Overeating: When Enough Is Not Enough	p. 462
Dieting	p. 465
Sex: Not Just About Having Babies	p. 466
Sexual Behavior: A Many-Splendored Thing	p. 467
Sexual Stimuli	p. 470
Sexual Orientation: More Than a Choice	p. 472
What's Normal?	p. 474
Review and Remember!	p. 477
Chapter 11 Personality: Vive la Difference!	p. 480
Personality: Historical Perspectives	p. 482
Freud's Theory: The Dynamic Personality	p. 482
Humanistic Psychology: Thinking Positively	p. 487
What Exactly Is Personality?	p. 489
Personality: Traits and Situations	p. 489
Factors of Personality: The Big Five? Three? More?	p. 491
Measuring Personality: Is Grumpy Really Grumpy?	p. 493
Biology's Influences on Personality	p. 497
Temperament: Waxing Hot or Cold	p. 497
Biologically Based Theories of Personality	p. 499
Genes and Personality: Born to Be Mild?	p. 504
Learning and the Cognitive Elements of Personality	p. 509
Learning to Have Personality: Genes Are Not Destiny	p. 509
The Sociocognitive View of Personality: You Are What You Expect	p. 510
Sociocultural Influences on Personality	p. 513
Birth Order: Are You Number One?	p. 513
Sex Differences in Personality: Nature and Nurture	p. 515
Culture and Personality	p. 517
Looking at Levels: Attachment	p. 520
Review and Remember!	p. 525
Chapter 12 Psychology Over the Life Span: Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser	p. 528
In the Beginning: From Conception to Birth	p. 530
Prenatal Development: Nature and Nurture From the Start	p. 530
The Newborn: A Work in Progress	p. 537
Infancy and Childhood: Taking Off	p. 541
Physical and Motor Development: Getting Control	p. 541
Perceptual and Cognitive Development: Extended Horizons	p. 543
Social and Emotional Development: The Child in the World	p. 554
Adolescence: Between Two Worlds	p. 562
Physical Development: In Puberty's Wake	p. 562
Cognitive Development: Getting It All Together	p. 564
Social and Emotional Development: New Rules, New Roles	p. 565
Adulthood and Aging: The Continuously Changing Self	p. 568
Becoming an Adult	p. 569
The Changing Body: What's Inevitable, What's Not	p. 569
Perception and Cognition in Adulthood: Taking the Good With the Bad	p. 570
Social and Emotional Development During Adulthood	p. 575
Death and Dying	p. 578
Looking at Levels: Keeping the Aging Brain Sharp	p. 580
Review and Remember!	p. 582
Chapter 13 Stress, Health, and Coping	p. 586
What Is Stress?	p. 588
Stress: The Big Picture	p. 588
The Biology of Stress	p. 589
It's How You Think of It: Interpreting Stimuli as Stressors	p. 592
Sources of Stress	p. 595
Stress, Disease, and Health	p. 601
The Immune System: Catching Cold	p. 602
Cancer	p. 603
Heart Disease	p. 603
Health-Impairing Behaviors	p. 605
Strategies for Coping	p. 609
Coping Strategies: Approaches and Tactics	p. 609
Personality and Coping	p. 616
Coping and Social Support	p. 619
Mind-Body Interventions	p. 621
Gender, Culture, and Coping	p. 622
Looking at Levels: Voodoo Death	p. 624
Review and Remember!	p. 626
Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems	p. 628
Identifying Psychological Disorders: What's Abnormal?	p. 630
Defining Abnormality	p. 630
Explaining Abnormality	p. 632
Categorizing Disorders: Is a Rose Still a Rose by Any Other Name?	p. 635
Mood Disorders	p. 638
Major Depressive Disorder: Not Just Feeling Blue	p. 638
Bipolar Disorder: Going to Extremes	p. 642
Explaining Mood Disorders	p. 643
Anxiety Disorders	p. 648
Panic Disorder	p. 648
Phobias: Social and Specific	p. 651
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)	p. 653
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)	p. 655
Schizophrenia	p. 659
Symptoms: What Schizophrenia Looks Like	p. 660
Subtypes of Schizophrenia	p. 661
Why Does This Happen to Some People, But Not Others?	p. 662
Other Axis I Disorders: Dissociative and Eating Disorders	p. 667
Dissociative Disorders	p. 668
Eating Disorders: You Are How You Eat?	p. 670
Looking at Levels: Binge Eating	p. 674
Personality Disorders	p. 675
Axis II Personality Disorders	p. 676
Antisocial Personality Disorder	p. 677
Understanding Antisocial Personality Disorder	p. 678
A Cautionary Note About Diagnosis	p. 680
Review and Remember!	p. 680
Chapter 15 Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing Words	p. 684
Historical Influences on Psychotherapy: Insight-Oriented Therapies	p. 686
Psychodynamic Therapy: Origins in Psychoanalysis	p. 686
Humanistic Therapy: Client-Centered Therapy	p. 689
Evaluating Insight-Oriented Therapies	p. 690
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy	p. 692
Behavior Therapy and Its Techniques	p. 692
Cognitive Therapy and Techniques: It's the Thought That Counts	p. 697
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy	p. 700
Biomedical Therapies	p. 702
Psychopharmacology	p. 702
Electroconvulsive Therapy	p. 705
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation	p. 706
Other Forms of Treatment	p. 707
Modalities: When Two or More Isn't a Crowd	p. 707
Innovations in Psychotherapy	p. 710
Prevention: Sometimes Worth More Than a Pound of Cure	p. 713
Which Therapy Works Best?	p. 715
Issues in Psychotherapy Research	p. 715
How to Pick a Therapist and a Type of Therapy	p. 726
Looking at Levels: Treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	p. 727
Review and Remember!	p. 729
Chapter 16 Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds	p. 732
Social Cognition: Thinking About People	p. 734
Making an Impression	p. 734
Attitudes and Behavior: Feeling and Doing	p. 738
Stereotypes: Seen One, Seen 'Em All	p. 746
Attributions: Making Sense of Events	p. 755
Social Behavior: Interacting With People	p. 758
Relationships: Having a Date, Having a Partner	p. 759
Social Organization: Group Rules, Group Roles	p. 764
Yielding to Others: Going Along With the Group	p. 768
Performance in Groups: Working Together	p. 774
Helping Behavior: Helping Others	p. 776
Looking at Levels: Cults	p. 780
A Final Word: Ethics and Social Psychology	p. 781
Review and Remember!	p. 782
References	p. 1
Glossary	p. 1
Name Index	p. 1
Subject Index	p. 1
Credits	p. 1

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