New perspectives on deep-water sandstones : origin, recognition, initiation, and reservoir quality

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Title:

Series:

Handbook of petroleum exploration and production ; 9

Handbook of petroleum exploration and production ; 9.

Edition:

1st ed.

Publication Information:

Amsterdam, NE. ; Boston : Elsevier, 2012.

Physical Description:

xix, 486 p., [16] p. of plates : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9780444563354

Subject Term:

Sandstone.

Added Author:

Shanmugam, G. (Ganapathy), 1944-

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010302722	QE471.15.S25 N49 2012	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

This handbook is vital for understanding the origin of deep-water sandstones, emphasizing sandy-mass transport deposits (SMTDs) and bottom-current reworked sands (BCRSs) in petroleum reservoirs. This cutting-edge perspective, a pragmatic alternative to the conventional turbidite concepts, is crucial because the turbidite paradigm is built on a dubious foundation without empirical data on sandy turbidity currents in modern oceans. In the absence of evidence for sandy turbidity currents in natural environments, elegant theoretical models and experimental observations of turbidity currents are irrelevant substitutes for explaining the origin of sandy deposits as "turbidites." In documenting modern and ancient SMTDs (sandy slides, sandy slumps, and sandy debrites) and BCRSs (deposits of thermohaline [contour] currents, wind-driven currents, and tidal currents), the author describes and interprets core and outcrop (1:20 to 1:50 scale) from 35 case studies worldwide (which include 32 petroleum reservoirs), totaling more than 10,000 m in cumulative thickness, carried out during the past 36 years (1974-2010). The book dispels myths about the importance of sea level lowstand and provides much-needed clarity on the triggering of sediment failures by earthquakes, meteorite impacts, tsunamis, and cyclones with implications for the distribution of deep-water sandstone petroleum reservoirs.

Dedication	p. v
Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 What is Deep Water?	p. 1
1.2 Flawed Turbidite Paradigm	p. 9
1.2.1 Lack of Empirical Data on Sandy Turbidity Currents	p. 13
1.3 New Perspectives: SMTDs and BCRS	p. 20
1.3.1 Direct Observations	p. 21
1.3.2 Economic Importance	p. 34
1.4 Database	p. 34
1.5 Scope and Organization	p. 37
1.6 Process Sedimentology	p. 39
1.7 Synopsis	p. 40
2 Origin and Classification of Sandy Mass-Transport Deposits	p. 41
2.1 Introduction	p. 41
2.2 Literature	p. 45
2.3 Classification	p. 46
2.4 Landslide Versus Mass Transport	p. 57
2.5 Subaerial Processes Based on Types of Movement and Material	p. 58
2.6 Subaqueous Processes Based on Mechanical Behaviour	p. 59
2.6.1 Sediment Concentration	p. 60
2.6.2 Sandy Mass-Transport Deposits	p. 60
2.7 Subaqueous Processes Based on Sediment-support Mechanism	p. 61
2.8 Subaqueous Processes Based on Process Continuum	p. 63
2.9 Subaqueous Processes Based on Transport Velocity	p. 63
2.10 Synopsis	p. 65
3 Recognition of Sandy Mass-Transport Deposits	p. 67
3.1 Introduction	p. 67
3.2 Sandy Slide	p. 69
3.3 Sandy Slump	p. 75
3.4 Sandy Debrite	p. 85
3.5 Origin of Massive Sandstone	p. 112
3.6 Problems with Interpretation of Wireline Logs	p. 116
3.7 Problems with Interpretation of Seismic Facies	p. 118
3.8 Problems Associated with Interpretation of Seismic Sinuous Geometry	p. 124
3.9 Synopsis	p. 127
4 Bottom-Current Reworked Sands	p. 129
4.1 Introduction	p. 129
4.2 Surface Currents, Deep-water Masses, and Bottom Currents	p. 129
4.2.1 Surface Currents	p. 131
4.2.2 Deep-water Masses	p. 132
4.2.3 Bottom Currents	p. 134
4.3 Bottom Currents versus Turbidity Currents	p. 134
4.4 Genetic Nomenclature	p. 136
4.5 Thermohaline-Induced Geostrophic Bottom Currents	p. 139
4.5.1 Antarctic and Arctic Bottom Currents	p. 139
4.5.2 Current Velocity	p. 140
4.5.3 Sedimentological Criteria	p. 142
4.5.4 Problematic Contourite Facies Model	p. 150
4.6 Wind-Driven Bottom Currents	p. 153
4.6.1 The Gulf Stream	p. 153
4.6.2 The Loop Current	p. 154
4.6.3 Current Velocity	p. 155
4.6.4 The Loop Current-Tropical Cyclone Connection	p. 157
4.6.5 Sedimentological Criteria	p. 157
4.7 Deepwater Tidal Bottom Currents	p. 166
4.7.1 Submarine Canyons	p. 166
4.7.2 Current Velocity	p. 175
4.7.3 Sedimentological Criteria	p. 177
4.7.4 Facies Associations in Submarine Canyons	p. 188
4.8 Baroclinic Currents (Internal Tides)	p. 194
4.8.1 Nomenclature and Background	p. 194
4.8.2 Submarine Canyons	p. 197
4.8.3 Current Velocity	p. 198
4.8.4 M 2 Tidal Energy Dissipation in the Deep Ocean	p. 199
4.8.5 M 2 Barotropic and Baroclinic Tides in the Indonesian Seas	p. 201
4.8.6 Sedimentological Criteria	p. 206
4.9 Problematic Bedform-Velocity Matrix for Deep-water Bottom Currents	p. 209
4.10 Problems with Interpretation of Seismic Facies and Geometries	p. 212
4.10.1 Seismic Facies	p. 212
4.10.2 Wave Geometry	p. 213
4.10.3 Channel-Levee Geometry	p. 217
4.10.4 Sheet Geometry	p. 219
4.11 Synopsis	p. 219
5 Initiation of Deep-Water Sediment Failures	p. 221
5.1 Introduction	p. 221
5.2 Short-term Triggering Events	p. 221
5.2.1 Earthquakes	p. 221
5.2.2 Meteorite Impacts	p. 231
5.2.3 Volcanic Activity	p. 231
5.2.4 Tsunami Waves	p. 234
5.2.5 Rogue Waves	p. 240
5.2.6 Cyclonic Waves	p. 242
5.2.7 Monsoon Flooding	p. 251
5.2.8 Ebb Tidal Currents	p. 252
5.2.9 Wildfire	p. 253
5.3 Intermediate-term Triggering Events	p. 253
5.3.1 Tectonic Oversteepening	p. 253
5.3.2 Glacial Maxima and Loading	p. 253
5.3.3 Salt Movements	p. 254
5.3.4 Depositional Loading	p. 255
5.3.5 Hydrostatic Loading	p. 256
5.3.6 Ocean-bottom Currents	p. 257
5.3.7 Biological Erosion	p. 258
5.3.8 Gas Hydrate Decomposition	p. 259
5.4 Long-term Triggering Events	p. 260
5.4.1 Sea-level Lowstand	p. 260
5.4.2 The Obsolescence of Sea-level Lowstand Model	p. 261
5.5 Synopsis	p. 270
6 Implications for Deep-water Sandstone Reservoirs	p. 271
6.1 Grain-Size Distribution	p. 271
6.2 Dimensions and Geometries	p. 271
6.2.1 Slides and Slumps	p. 271
6.2.2 Debrites	p. 275
6.3 Long-Runout MTD	p. 278
6.4 Turbidites versus Debrites	p. 280
6.5 Turbidites versus Tidalites	p. 283
6.6 SMTD and BCRS, Gulf of Mexico	p. 284
6.7 Chicxulub Meteorite Impact, Gulf of Mexico	p. 287
6.8 Sand Injection	p. 288
6.8.1 Recognition	p. 288
6.8.2 Triggering Mechanisms	p. 291
6.8.3 Seismicity-Induced Injection	p. 292
6.8.4 Deposition-Induced Injection	p. 293
6.8.5 Gryphon Field, U.K. North Sea	p. 294
6.8.6 Edop Field, Offshore Nigeria	p. 306
6.9 Sequence Stratigraphy	p. 307
6.9.1 Problematic Sequence Boundaries	p. 314
6.10 Synopsis	p. 320
7 Reservoir Quality-Global Examples	p. 321
7.1 Offshore California	p. 321
7.2 Offshore Nigeria	p. 322
7.3 Gulf of Mexico	p. 323
7.4 Straits of Florida	p. 327
7.5 U.K. North Sea	p. 330
7.6 Krishna-Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal	p. 331
7.6.1 Introduction	p. 331
7.6.2 Depositional Facies	p. 333
7.6.3 Reservoir Geometry	p. 337
7.6.4 Reservoir Quality	p. 337
7.7 Synopsis	p. 342
8 Epilogue	p. 343
Appendix A Concepts, Glossary, and Methodology	p. 345
References	p. 425
Index	p. 479
About the Author	p. 487
Color Plates	p. 489

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Table of Contents