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Summary
Summary
Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration,
Second Edition
The control of hazardous wastes is one of today's most critical environmental issues. Increasing numbers of engineers, technicians, and maintenance personnel are being confronted with problems in this important area. Incineration has become an available and vital option to meet the new challenge of containing hazardous wastes. Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition provides a reference work that examines the basic concepts, principles, equipment, and applications pertaining to hazardous waste incineration.
Uniquely serving as both an essential guidebook for practicing engineers and a text for engineering students, this new edition contains updated information in the area of standards and regulations, equipment, materials handling equipment, instrumentation, control performance testing, final permit, and facility design. The authors' aim is to offer the reader the fundamentals of incineration with appropriate practical application to the incineration of wastes, in addition to providing an introduction to the specialized literature in this and related areas. Complete with illustrative examples, this informative Second Edition highlights:
* Recent history of standards and regulations, including the recently enacted MACT Standards for hazardous waste combustion
* Incineration principles, including stoichiometric calculations, and thermochemical considerations
* Equipment that may be found in a waste incineration facility (i.e., incinerator, waste heat boiler, quench systems, and air pollution control equipment)
* Design principles and their application to a hazardous waste incineration facility
* Practice problems at the end of each technical chapter
Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition offers chemical and environmental engineers working in the hazardous waste control area, as well as technicians and maintenance professionals, the necessary literature to cope with some of the complex problems encountered in waste incineration today.
Author Notes
Joseph J. Santoleri, Pe, is an environmental consultant based in Berwyn, Pennsylvania
Joseph Reynolds, PhD, is a professor in the Chemical Engineering Department, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York
Louis Theodore, PhD, is a professor in the Chemical Engineering Department, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York
Table of Contents
Preface | p. vii |
Part I The Hazardous Waste Problem | p. 1 |
1 Hazardous Waste Incineration Overview | p. 3 |
1.1 Introduction | p. 3 |
1.2 Historical Background | p. 6 |
1.3 Today's Problem | p. 11 |
1.4 Socioeconomic Concerns | p. 13 |
1.5 Waste Characterization | p. 15 |
1.6 The Need to Incinerate | p. 18 |
References | p. 20 |
2 Other Options | p. 23 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 23 |
2.2 Chemical Treatment | p. 24 |
2.3 Biological Treatment | p. 31 |
2.4 Physical Treatment | p. 35 |
2.5 Ultimate Disposal | p. 51 |
2.6 Process Modification/Pollution Prevention | p. 59 |
2.7 The Selection of Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes | p. 62 |
References | p. 71 |
3 Standards and Regulations | p. 73 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 73 |
3.2 Early Legislation | p. 74 |
3.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 | p. 76 |
3.4 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 | p. 80 |
3.5 Permit Process | p. 85 |
3.6 EPA Guidance Manuals | p. 95 |
3.7 Boiler and Industrial Furnace (BIF) Regulations | p. 96 |
3.8 EPA Hazardous Waste Reduction and Combustion Strategy | p. 102 |
3.9 Combustion Emissions Technical Resource Document | p. 103 |
3.10 Hazardous Waste Combustor Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards for Hazardous Waste Incinerators, Cement Kilns, and Lightweight Aggregate Kilns | p. 109 |
3.11 Future of Incineration | p. 118 |
3.12 Illustrative Examples | p. 118 |
Problems | p. 126 |
References | p. 128 |
Part II Incineration Principles | p. 131 |
4 Basic Concepts | p. 133 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 133 |
4.2 Fundamentals of Measurement | p. 133 |
4.3 Chemical and Physical Properties | p. 138 |
4.4 Ideal Gas Law | p. 150 |
4.5 Phase Equilibrium | p. 155 |
4.6 Illustrative Examples | p. 160 |
Problems | p. 169 |
References | p. 170 |
5 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Considerations | p. 171 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 171 |
5.2 Conservation Laws | p. 171 |
5.3 Stoichiometry | p. 178 |
5.4 Thermochemistry | p. 187 |
5.5 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium | p. 196 |
5.6 Chemical Kinetics | p. 202 |
5.7 Illustrative Examples | p. 210 |
Problems | p. 225 |
References | p. 227 |
6 Thermochemical Applications | p. 229 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 229 |
6.2 Fuel Options | p. 229 |
6.3 Stoichiometric Calculations | p. 237 |
6.4 Thermochemical Calculations | p. 253 |
6.5 Application of Chemical Reaction Principles | p. 263 |
6.6 Illustrative Examples | p. 275 |
Problems | p. 300 |
References | p. 302 |
Part III Equipment | p. 303 |
7 Hazardous Waste Combustors | p. 305 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 305 |
7.2 Liquid Injection Incineration | p. 306 |
7.3 Rotary Kiln Incineration | p. 324 |
7.4 Other Methods | p. 339 |
7.5 Co-incineration | p. 352 |
7.6 Thermal Treatment of Superfund Soil | p. 366 |
7.7 Emerging Technologies | p. 369 |
7.8 Illustrative Examples | p. 372 |
Problems | p. 379 |
References | p. 379 |
8 Waste Heat Boilers | p. 383 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 383 |
8.2 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer | p. 383 |
8.3 Operation of Waste Heat Boilers | p. 395 |
8.4 Design of Waste Heat Boilers | p. 396 |
8.5 Illustrative Examples | p. 399 |
Problems | p. 404 |
References | p. 405 |
9 Quenchers | p. 407 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 407 |
9.2 Dilution with Ambient Air | p. 408 |
9.3 Quenching with Liquids | p. 409 |
9.4 Contact with High Heat Capacity Solids | p. 417 |
9.5 Natural Convection and Radiation | p. 417 |
9.6 Forced-Draft Cooling | p. 420 |
9.7 Illustrative Examples | p. 422 |
Problems | p. 431 |
References | p. 432 |
10 Air Pollution Control Equipment | p. 433 |
10.1 Introduction | p. 433 |
10.2 Wet Scrubbers | p. 437 |
10.3 Dry Scrubber Systems | p. 458 |
10.4 Wet-Dry Scrubber Systems | p. 470 |
10.5 Illustrative Examples | p. 476 |
Problems | p. 490 |
References | p. 493 |
11 Materials Handling and Ancillary Equipment | p. 495 |
11.1 Introduction | p. 495 |
11.2 Waste Storage | p. 496 |
11.3 Feed Systems | p. 499 |
11.4 Ash Handling Systems | p. 501 |
11.5 Pipes, Ducts, Fittings, and Valves | p. 502 |
11.6 Fans, Pumps, and Compressors | p. 505 |
11.7 Stacks | p. 517 |
11.8 Illustrative Examples | p. 518 |
Problems | p. 521 |
References | p. 522 |
Part IV Facility Design | p. 525 |
12 Design Principles | p. 527 |
12.1 Introduction | p. 527 |
12.2 Preliminary Studies | p. 528 |
12.3 Process Schematics | p. 529 |
12.4 Material and Energy Balances | p. 532 |
12.5 Equipment and Process Design | p. 534 |
12.6 Instrumentation and Controls | p. 537 |
References | p. 540 |
13 Economic Considerations | p. 541 |
13.1 Introduction | p. 541 |
13.2 Capital Costs | p. 542 |
13.3 Operating Costs | p. 548 |
13.4 Project Evaluation | p. 549 |
13.5 Perturbation Studies in Optimization | p. 552 |
13.6 Illustrative Examples | p. 553 |
Problems | p. 560 |
References | p. 561 |
14 Design of a Hazardous Waste Incineration Facility | p. 563 |
14.1 Introduction | p. 563 |
14.2 Illustrative Design Problem I | p. 563 |
14.3 Illustrative Design Problem II | p. 577 |
Problems | p. 590 |
References | p. 592 |
Appendix A HWI Software Package | p. 593 |
A.1 Introductory Comments | p. 593 |
A.2 Getting Started | p. 594 |
A.3 The Program HWITRL | p. 595 |
A.4 The Program HWI | p. 599 |
A.5 The Program HWIF | p. 618 |
Appendix B Metric and SI Systems | p. 623 |
B.1 Metric System | p. 623 |
B.2 SI System | p. 624 |
Index | p. 627 |