iOS hacker's handbook

iOS is Apple's mobile operating system for the iPhone and iPad. With the introduction of iOS5, many security issues have come to light. This book explains and discusses them all. The award-winning author team, experts in Mac and iOS security, examines the vulnerabilities and the internals of iOS to show how attacks can be mitigated. The book explains how the operating system works, its overall security architecture, and the security risks associated with it, as well as exploits, rootkits, and other payloads developed for it.

Covers iOS security architecture, vulnerability hunting, exploit writing, and how iOS jailbreaks work Explores iOS enterprise and encryption, code signing and memory protection, sandboxing, iPhone fuzzing, exploitation, ROP payloads, and baseband attacks Also examines kernel debugging and exploitation Companion website includes source code and tools to facilitate your efforts

iOS Hacker's Handbook arms you with the tools needed to identify, understand, and foil iOS attacks.

Author Notes

Charlie Miller is Principal Research Consultant at Accuvant Labs and a four-time CanSecWest Pwn20wn winner.
Dionysus Blazakis is an expert on iOS and OS X sandbox security mechanisms.
Dino Dai Zovi is coauthor of The Mac Hackers Handbook and a popular conference speaker.
Stefan Esser is a PHP security expert and leading researcher of iOS security topics.
Vincenzo Iozzo is an independent security researcher focused on Mac OS X and smartphones.
Ralf-Philipp Weinmann holds a PhD in cryptography and has an extensive security background.

Introduction	p. xv
Chapter 1 iOS Security Basics	p. 1
iOS Hardware/Device Types	p. 2
How Apple Protects the App Store	p. 2
Understanding Security Threats	p. 3
Understanding iOS Security Architecture	p. 5
The Reduced Attack Surface	p. 5
The Stripped-Down iOS	p. 6
Privilege Separation	p. 6
Code Signing	p. 7
Data Execution Prevention	p. 7
Address Space Layout Randomization	p. 8
Sandboxing	p. 8
A Brief History of iOS Attacks	p. 9
Libtiff	p. 9
Fun with SMS	p. 10
The Ikee Worm	p. 10
Storm8	p. 11
SpyPhone	p. 12
Pwn2Own2010	p. 13
Jailbreakme.com 2 ("Star")	p. 13
Jailbreakme.com 3 ("Saffron")	p. 14
Summary	p. 14
Chapter 2 iOS in the Enterprise	p. 15
iOS Configuration Management	p. 16
Mobile Configuration Profiles	p. 16
iPhone Configuration Utility	p. 18
Creating a Configuration Profile	p. 18
Installing the Configuration Profile	p. 20
Updating Profiles	p. 25
Removing Profiles	p. 25
Applications and Provisioning Profiles	p. 26
Mobile Device Management	p. 26
MDM Network Communication	p. 27
Lion Server Profile Manager	p. 28
Setting Up Profile Manager	p. 29
Creating Settings	p. 35
Enrolling Devices	p. 38
Summary	p. 45
Chapter 3 Encryption	p. 47
Data Protection	p. 47
Data Protection API	p. 48
Attacking Data Protection	p. 51
Attacking User Passcodes	p. 51
iPhone Data Protection Tools	p. 55
Installation Prerequisites	p. 55
Building the Ramdisk	p. 58
Booting Ramdisk	p. 61
Brute-Force Attacking Four-Digit Passcodes	p. 62
Dumping Keychain	p. 64
Dumping Data Partition	p. 65
Decrypting Data Partition	p. 66
Summary	p. 68
Chapter 4 Code Signing and Memory Protections	p. 69
Understanding Mandatory Access Control	p. 70
AMFI Hooks	p. 71
AMFI and execv	p. 72
How Provisioning Works	p. 74
Understanding the Provisioning Profile	p. 74
How the Provisioning File Is Validated	p. 77
Understanding Application Signing	p. 78
Inside Entitlements	p. 79
How Code Signing Enforcement Works	p. 80
Collecting and Verifying Signing Information	p. 80
How Signatures Are Enforced on Processes	p. 84
How the iOS Ensures No Changes Are Made to Signed Pages	p. 88
Discovering Dynamic Code Signing	p. 89
Why MobileSafari Is So Special	p. 89
How the Kernel Handles JIT	p. 91
Attacking Inside MobileSafari	p. 94
Breaking Code Signing	p. 95
Altering iOS Shellcode	p. 96
Using Meterpreter on iOS	p. 101
Gaining App Store Approval	p. 103
Summary	p. 104
Chapter 5 Sandboxing	p. 107
Understanding the Sandbox	p. 108
Sandboxing Your Apps	p. 109
Understanding the Sandbox Implementation	p. 116
Understanding User Space Library Implementation	p. 117
Into the Kernel	p. 121
Implementing TrustedBSD	p. 121
Handling Configuration from User Space	p. 123
Policy Enforcement	p. 125
How Profile Bytecode Works	p. 126
How Sandboxing Impacts App Store versus Platform Applications	p. 133
Summary	p. 137
Chapter 6 Fuzzing iOS Applications	p. 139
How Fuzzing Works	p. 139
The Recipe for Fuzzing	p. 141
Mutation-Based ("Dumb") Fuzzing	p. 141
Generation-Based ("Smart") Fuzzing	p. 142
Submitting and Monitoring the Test Cases	p. 143
Fuzzing Safari	p. 144
Choosing an Interface	p. 144
Generating Test Cases	p. 144
Testing and Monitoring the Application	p. 145
Adventures in PDF Fuzzing	p. 148
Quick Look Fuzzing	p. 153
Fuzzing with the Simulator	p. 155
Fuzzing MobileSafari	p. 158
Selecting the Interface to Fuzz	p. 158
Generating the Test Case	p. 158
Fuzzing and Monitoring MobileSafari	p. 158
PPT Fuzzing Fun	p. 160
SMS Fuzzing	p. 162
SMS Basics	p. 163
Focusing on the Protocol Data Unit Mode	p. 165
Using PDUspy	p. 167
Using User Data Header Information	p. 167
Working with Concatenated Messages	p. 168
Using Other Types of UDH Data	p. 169
Generation-Based Fuzzing with Sulley	p. 170
SMS iOS Injection	p. 175
Monitoring SMS	p. 177
SMS Bugs	p. 182
Summary	p. 184
Chapter 7 Exploitation	p. 185
Exploiting Bug Classes	p. 186
Object Lifetime Vulnerabilities	p. 186
Understanding the iOS System Allocator	p. 188
Regions	p. 188
Allocation	p. 189
Deallocation	p. 189
Taming the iOS Allocator	p. 190
Tools of the Trade	p. 190
Learning Alloc/Dealloc Basics	p. 191
Exploiting Arithmetic Vulnerabuities	p. 195
Exploiting Object Lifetime Issues	p. 198
Understanding TCMalloc	p. 200
Large Object Allocation and Deallocation	p. 201
Small Object Allocation	p. 201
Small Object Deallocation	p. 202
Taming TCMalloc	p. 202
Obtaining a Predictable Heap Layout	p. 202
Tools for Debugging Heap Manipulation Code	p. 204
Exploiting Arithmetic Vulnerabilities with TCMalloc - Heap Feng Shui	p. 206
Exploiting Object Lifetime Issues with TCMalloc	p. 211
ASLR Challenges	p. 211
Case Study: Pwn20wn 2010	p. 213
Testing Infrastructure	p. 217
Summary	p. 218
Chapter 8 Return-Oriented Programming	p. 219
ARM Basics	p. 220
iOS Calling Convention	p. 220
System Calls Calling Convention	p. 221
ROP Introduction	p. 222
ROP and Heap Bugs	p. 224
Manually Constructing a ROP Payload	p. 225
Automating ROP Payload Construction	p. 230
What Can You Do with ROP on iOS?	p. 232
Testing ROP Payloads	p. 232
Examples of ROP Shellcode on iOS	p. 235
Exfiltrate File Content Payload	p. 235
Using ROP to Chain Two Exploits (JailBreakMe v3)	p. 242
Summary	p. 247
Chapter 9 Kernel Debugging and Exploitation	p. 249
Kernel Structure	p. 249
Kernel Debugging	p. 250
Kernel Extensions and IOKit Drivers	p. 256
Reversing the IOKit Driver Object Tree	p. 257
Finding Vulnerabilities in Kernel Extensions	p. 261
Finding Vulnerabilities in IOKit Drivers	p. 264
Attacking through Device Properties	p. 265
Attacking through External Traps and Methods	p. 266
Kernel Exploitation	p. 269
Arbitrary Memory Overwrite	p. 269
Patching a Vulnerability into the Kernel	p. 270
Choosing a Target to Overwrite	p. 271
Locating the System Call Table	p. 272
Constructing the Exploit	p. 273
Uninitialized Kernel Variables	p. 274
Kernel Stack Buffer Overflows	p. 279
Kernel Heap Buffer Overflows	p. 285
Kernel Heap Zone Allocator	p. 286
Kernel Heap Feng Shui	p. 291
Detecting the State of the Kernel Heap	p. 293
Exploiting the Kernel Heap Buffer Overflow	p. 294
Summary	p. 296
Chapter 10 Jailbreaking	p. 297
Why Jailbreak?	p. 298
Jailbreak Types	p. 298
Jailbreak Persistence	p. 299
Tethered Jailbreaks	p. 299
Untethered Jailbreaks	p. 299
Exploit Type	p. 300
Bootrom Level	p. 300
iBoot Level	p. 300
Userland Level	p. 301
Understanding the Jailbreaking Process	p. 301
Exploiting the Bootrom	p. 302
Booting the Ramdisk	p. 303
Jailbreaking the Filesystem	p. 303
Installing the Untethering Exploit	p. 304
Installing the AFC2 Service	p. 305
mstalling Base Utilities	p. 306
Application Stashing	p. 307
Bundle Installation	p. 307
Post-Installation Process	p. 309
Executing Kernel Payloads and Patches	p. 309
Kernel State Reparation	p. 309
Privilege Escalation	p. 310
Kernel Patching	p. 312
security.mac.proc_enforce	p. 312
cs_enforcement_disable (kernel)	p. 313
cs_enforcement_disable (AMFI)	p. 314
PE_i_can_has_debugger	p. 315
vm_map_enter	p. 316
vm_map_protect	p. 318
AMFI Binary Trust Cache	p. 319
Task_for_pid 0	p. 320
Sandbox Patches	p. 322
Clearing the Caches	p. 324
Clean Return	p. 324
Summary	p. 325
Chapter 11 Baseband Attacks	p. 327
GSM Basics	p. 329
Setting up OpenBTS	p. 331
Hardware Required	p. 331
OpenBTS Installation and Configuration	p. 332
Closed Configuration and Asterisk Dialing Rules	p. 335
RTOSes Underneath the Stacks	p. 335
Nucleus PLUS	p. 336
ThreadX	p. 337
REX/OKL4/Iguana	p. 337
Heap Implementations	p. 338
Dynamic Memory in Nucleus PLUS	p. 338
Byte Pools in ThreadX	p. 340
The Qualcomm Modem Heap	p. 341
Vulnerability Analysis	p. 342
Obtaining and Extracting Baseband Firmware	p. 343
Loading Firmware Images into IDA Pro	p. 344
Application/Baseband Processor Interface	p. 345
Stack Traces and Baseband Core Dumps	p. 345
Attack Surface	p. 346
Static Analysis on Binary Code Like it's 1999	p. 347
Specification-Guided Fuzz Testing	p. 348
Exploiting the Baseband	p. 348
A Local Stack Buffer Overflow: AT+XAPP	p. 348
The ultrasn0w Unlock	p. 350
An Overflow Exploitable Over the Air	p. 356
Summary	p. 362
Appendix References	p. 365
Index	p. 369

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Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents