CASCOM : intelligent service coordination in the semantic web

A general architecture for service delivery and coordination in intelligent agent-based peer-to-peer (IP2P) environments, that has been developed within the CASCOM research project, is presented in this book. The CASCOM architecture provides support for business services for mobile workers and users across mobile and fixed networks. To its users, the CASCOM architecture makes easy and seamless access available to Semantic Web Services anytime, anywhere, and using any device. The system has successfully been validated in trials in healthcare applications, in particular in emergency medical assistance.

The CASCOM architecture addresses the problem of seamlessly combining various novel technologies that establish the basis for self-adaptable and self-healing systems including semantic service discovery, matchmaking, composition planning and semantic service composition, reliable execution of composite services, and semantic failure handling. The book provides an in-depth introduction into these areas, presents how they have been extended in order to best support the needs for agent-based service coordination in IP2P environment, and finally shows how the different agents can be seamlessly combined.

Preface	p. xxv
Acknowledgements	p. xxvii
1 Introduction	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 Background	p. 2
1.3 Motivation: CASCOM in Emergency Assistance	p. 3
1.4 Overview of the Approach	p. 5
1.5 Overall View of the Book	p. 6
I State of the Art	p. 9
2 Intelligent Agent-based Peer-to-Peer Systems (IP2P)	p. 11
2.1 Introduction	p. 11
2.2 IP2P Enabling Technologies	p. 11
2.2.1 Wireless Networks	p. 11
2.2.2 End-user Devices	p. 13
2.2.3 Seamless Mobility	p. 15
2.2.4 Ontologies in the Wireless World	p. 16
2.3 Overlay Networks	p. 22
2.3.1 Centralized P2P Architecture	p. 23
2.3.2 Pure P2P Architecture	p. 24
2.3.3 Hybrid P2P Architecture	p. 25
2.4 Summary	p. 25
3 Semantic Web Service Description	p. 31
3.1 Introduction	p. 31
3.2 Issues of Semantic Service Description	p. 31
3.2.1 Functional and Non-Functional Service Semantics	p. 32
3.2.2 Structured Representation of Service Semantics	p. 32
3.2.3 Monolithic Representation of Service Semantics	p. 32
3.2.4 Data Semantics	p. 33
3.2.5 Reasoning about Semantic Service Descriptions	p. 33
3.3 SAWSDL	p. 33
3.3.1 Annotating WSDL Components	p. 34
3.3.2 Limitations	p. 34
3.4 OWL-S	p. 36
3.4.1 Background: OWL	p. 36
3.4.2 Service Profile	p. 39
3.4.3 Service Process Model	p. 40
3.4.4 Service Grounding	p. 42
3.4.5 Software Support	p. 42
3.4.6 Limitations	p. 44
3.5 WSML	p. 44
3.5.1 WSMO Framework	p. 44
3.5.2 WSML Variants	p. 45
3.5.3 Services in WSML	p. 47
3.5.4 Software Support	p. 50
3.5.5 Limitations	p. 50
3.6 Monolithic DL-Based Service Descriptions	p. 51
3.7 Critique	p. 52
3.8 Summary	p. 54
4 Semantic Web Service Coordination	p. 59
4.1 Introduction	p. 59
4.2 Semantic Service Discovery	p. 59
4.2.1 Classification of Semantic Web Service Matchmakers	p. 61
4.2.2 Logic-Based Semantic Service Profile Matching	p. 64
4.2.3 Non-logic-based Semantic Profile Matching	p. 69
4.2.4 Hybrid Semantic Profile Matching	p. 69
4.2.5 Logic-based Semantic Process Matching	p. 71
4.2.6 Non-logic-based and Hybrid Semantic Process Model Matching	p. 72
4.2.7 Semantic Service Discovery Architectures	p. 72
4.3 Semantic Service Composition Planning	p. 79
4.3.1 Web Service Composition	p. 79
4.3.2 AI-Planning-Based Web Service Composition	p. 80
4.3.3 Classification of Semantic Service Composition Planners	p. 80
4.3.4 Functional-Level Composition Planners	p. 83
4.3.5 Process-Level Semantic Service Composition Planners	p. 83
4.3.6 Static Semantic Service Composition Planners	p. 84
4.3.7 Dynamic Composition Planners	p. 87
4.3.8 FLC Planning of Monolithic DL-Based Services	p. 89
4.4 Interrelations	p. 90
4.4.1 Composition Planning and Execution	p. 92
4.4.2 Negotiation	p. 92
4.5 Open Problems	p. 93
4.6 Summary	p. 95
5 Context-Awareness	p. 105
5.1 Introduction	p. 105
5.2 Context Definitions	p. 107
5.3 General Design Principles and Context Modeling Approaches	p. 109
5.4 Context Dependency Architectures	p. 112
5.4.1 Smart-Its Architecture	p. 114
5.4.2 Merino Architecture	p. 114
5.4.3 Architecture proposed by Cortese et al	p. 115
5.4.4 WASP Architecture	p. 115
5.4.5 CoBrA Architecture	p. 116
5.4.6 Context Taylor	p. 116
5.5 Summary	p. 118
6 Technology in Healthcare	p. 125
6.1 Introduction	p. 125
6.2 Objectives	p. 126
6.3 Benefits of e Health	p. 127
6.3.1 Improving the Quality of Healthcare	p. 128
6.3.2 Improving the Access of Healthcare	p. 128
6.3.3 Reducing Costs	p. 128
6.4 Barriers and Challenges of e-Health	p. 129
6.5 Mobility m Health	p. 129
6.5.1 m-Health Applications	p. 130
6.5.2 Technology Issues in m-Health	p. 131
6.5.3 Overview of m-Health Projects	p. 132
6.6 CASCOM in the Healthcare Domain	p. 135
6.6.1 Concepts	p. 135
6.7 Summary	p. 136
II The CASCOM Solution	p. 141
7 General Architecture	p. 143
7.1 Introduction	p. 143
7.2 Technical Approach	p. 144
7.3 Conceptual Architecture	p. 145
7.3.1 IP2P Network Infrastructure	p. 146
7.3.2 Agent Architecture	p. 147
7.4 The CASCOM Architecture in Detail	p. 148
7.4.1 Networking Layer	p. 149
7.4.2 Service Coordination Layer	p. 150
7.4.3 Context Subsystem	p. 152
7.4.4 Security & Privacy Subsystem	p. 152
7.5 Instantiations of the CASCOM Architecture	p. 153
7.5.1 Centralized P2P	p. 153
7.5.2 Super-Peer P2P	p. 153
7.5.3 Structured Pure P2P	p. 154
7.5.4 Unstructured Pure P2P	p. 155
7.5.5 Discussion	p. 156
7.6 Summary	p. 158
8 Agent Platform and Communication Architecture	p. 161
8.1 Introduction	p. 161
8.2 Background	p. 162
8.2.1 FIPA Agent Platform	p. 162
8.2.2 Agent Platforms for Mobile Devices	p. 163
8.2.3 CASCOM Agent Platform	p. 165
8.2.4 CASCOM Agent Communication	p. 167
8.2.5 Messaging Gateway	p. 174
8.3 Summary	p. 176
9 Distributed Directories of Web Services	p. 181
9.1 Introduction	p. 181
9.2 Service Entries	p. 182
9.3 Directories	p. 183
9.4 Directory Services	p. 183
9.5 Directory Operations	p. 184
9.6 Policies	p. 186
9.7 CASCOM Service Directory Architecture	p. 187
9.7.1 Network Topology	p. 188
9.7.2 Network Construction	p. 191
9.7.3 Used Directory Policies	p. 191
9.7.4 Examples of Network Interactions	p. 192
9.8 Usability	p. 194
9.9 Vulnerability	p. 196
9.9.1 Breakdowns	p. 196
9.9.2 Recovery	p. 198
9.9.3 Security	p. 199
9.10 Related Work	p. 200
9.11 Summary	p. 202
10 Service Discovery	p. 205
10.1 Introduction	p. 205
10.2 Overview	p. 205
10.3 The CASCOM Service Discovery Agent	p. 207
10.4 The CASCOM Service Matchmaker	p. 208
10.4.1 Configurations	p. 209
10.4.2 SMA Interface	p. 213
10.5 Hybrid Semantic Service Matchmaker OWLS-MX	p. 214
10.5.1 Hybrid Matching Filters	p. 215
10.5.2 OWLS-MX Matching Algorithm	p. 216
10.5.3 OWLS-MX Variants	p. 217
10.5.4 Implementation	p. 217
10.6 Service Precondition and Effect Matchmaker PCEM	p. 218
10.6.1 Motivation	p. 218
10.6.2 PCEM Architecture	p. 219
10.6.3 PCEM Engine Module	p. 220
10.6.4 PCEM Languages Processing Module	p. 221
10.6.5 Preconditions and Effects Matching	p. 223
10.6.6 Implementation	p. 226
10.7 Role-Based Matchmaker ROWLS	p. 226
10.7.1 Motivation	p. 226
10.7.2 Interaction Modelling	p. 227
10.7.3 Role-Based Service Advertisements	p. 228
10.7.4 Role-Based Service Requests	p. 228
10.7.5 Role-based Service Matching Algorithm	p. 229
10.7.6 Implementation	p. 230
10.8 Summary	p. 230
11 Service Composition	p. 235
11.1 Introduction	p. 235
11.2 CASCOM Service Composition Agent SCPA	p. 235
11.3 Pre-Filtering for Service Composition	p. 237
11.3.1 Generic Pre-Filtering Framework	p. 237
11.3.2 Instantiation of Pre-Filters	p. 241
11.4 Service Composition With OWLS-XPlan	p. 243
11.4.1 Architecture	p. 243
11.4.2 Converter OWLS2PDDL	p. 245
11.4.3 Static Composition	p. 252
11.4.4 Dynamic Composition	p. 254
11.5 Service Composition With MetaComp	p. 256
11.5.1 Architecture	p. 256
11.5.2 Service Selection Methods	p. 259
11.5.3 Implementation	p. 260
11.6 Summary	p. 260
12 Semantic Web Service Execution	p. 263
12.1 Introduction	p. 263
12.2 Composite Service Execution	p. 264
12.2.1 General OWL-S Execution Procedure	p. 265
12.3 Centralized Approach for Service Execution	p. 266
12.3.1 Service Execution and Context-Awareness	p. 267
12.3.2 Service Execution Agent	p. 268
12.3.3 Implementation	p. 273
12.4 Distributed Approach for Service Execution	p. 273
12.4.1 General Assumptions	p. 274
12.4.2 Execution Strategy	p. 274
12.4.3 Interaction Model	p. 280
12.4.4 Implementation	p. 281
12.5 Summary	p. 283
12.5.1 Late Binding of Service Provider Instance during Execution	p. 284
12.5.2 Tight Integration of Service Providers and Execution Agents	p. 285
13 Context-Awareness System	p. 289
13.1 Introduction	p. 289
13.2 System Requirements	p. 290
13.3 Context Representation	p. 294
13.3.1 Base Ontology	p. 295
13.3.2 Distribution Ontology	p. 297
13.3.3 Context Data Ontology	p. 297
13.4 Context System Architecture	p. 298
13.4.1 System Overview	p. 298
13.4.2 Detailed Component Description	p. 300
13.4.3 System Deployment	p. 304
13.5 Summary	p. 305
14 Security, Privacy and Trust	p. 309
14.1 Introduction	p. 309
14.2 Two-Party Interactions	p. 310
14.3 A Model of Mediated Interactions	p. 312
14.3.1 Abstractions	p. 313
14.3.2 Expectation of the Utility of Agents	p. 314
14.4 Decision Making Strategy	p. 316
14.4.1 Trust PDF and the Risk Factor	p. 316
14.4.2 The Role of the PDF of Trust	p. 318
14.4.3 Worst-Case Analysis	p. 320
14.5 Integration in the CASCOM Platform	p. 321
14.5.1 IP2P Network Layer	p. 322
14.5.2 Service Coordination Layer	p. 322
14.6 Summary	p. 325
III Trials and Results	p. 329
15 Qualitative Analysis	p. 331
15.1 Introduction	p. 331
15.2 Usability Trials in Helsinki	p. 333
15.2.1 Test Set-Up	p. 334
15.2.2 Execution	p. 335
15.2.3 Results	p. 336
15.3 Field Trials in Innsbruck and Basel	p. 339
15.3.1 Test Set-Up	p. 340
15.3.2 Execution	p. 341
15.3.3 Results	p. 342
15.4 Summary	p. 346
16 Quantitative Analysis	p. 349
16.1 Introduction	p. 349
16.2 Service Matchmaker Agent	p. 349
16.2.1 Test Environment	p. 349
16.2.2 Test 1	p. 350
16.2.3 Test 2	p. 350
16.2.4 Test 3	p. 350
16.2.5 Test 4	p. 351
16.3 Service Discovery Agent	p. 353
16.3.1 Test Environment	p. 353
16.3.2 Test Results and Discussion	p. 353
16.4 Service Composition Planner Agent	p. 354
16.4.1 OWLS-XPlan	p. 354
16.4.2 MetaComp	p. 355
16.5 Service Execution Agent	p. 357
16.5.1 Test Environment	p. 357
16.5.2 Test Results and Discussion	p. 358
16.6 WSDir	p. 358
16.6.1 Test Environment	p. 358
16.6.2 Topology and Scenario	p. 359
16.6.3 Test Results and Discussion	p. 360
16.7 Summary	p. 360

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