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Summary
Summary
Fly ash is an important industrial by-product, with more than 170 million tonnes produced annually throughout the world. It is the fine particulate material which is collected from the stack gases of power stations burning pulverized coal and it is being increasingly used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete and other cement-based construction materials. Fly ash is an extremely variable material, and its effect on concrete properties depends on the nature and burning conditions of the coal from which it derives. Substantial research and development programmes in many parts of the world are being undertaken to investigate the properties and performance of fly ash in concrete, to ensure satisfactory, economic utilization. This book is a state-of-the-art Report on the subject, compiled by an international expert committee under the auspices of RILEM, the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures. It reports and evaluates more than 800 literature sources. In the first chapter, the characterization and properties of fly ash in relation to the coal and burning conditions in the power station are described. The behaviour of fresh mortar and concrete is covered next. A major part of the book deals with hardened mortar and concrete, and covers hydration, strength, deformations, frost resistance, chemical resistance and carbonation, with special attention given to the deformation behaviour of fly ash concretes. The fourth chapter discusses other uses of fly ash in construction. RILEM Recommendations for Test Methods for Determining the Properties of Fly Ash, and Fly Ash in Concrete are given in an Appendix. Fly Ash in Concrete: Properties and Performance covers all the main significant areas of research into the subject and provides researchers and construction materials specialists with an authoritative guide and reference source for current and future research. Book jacket.
Table of Contents
Preface | p. ix |
Rilem Technical Committee 67-FAB | p. xi |
Introduction | p. 1 |
1 Characterization of fly ash | p. 3 |
1.1 Origin of coal and burning conditions | p. 3 |
1.2 Properties of fly ash | p. 5 |
1.2.1 Definitions and specifications | p. 5 |
1.2.2 Mineralogical composition | p. 8 |
1.2.3 Chemical composition | p. 8 |
1.2.4 Granulometry | p. 10 |
1.2.5 Specific surface | p. 14 |
1.2.6 Density and density distribution | p. 16 |
1.2.7 Water requirement | p. 17 |
1.2.8 Pozzolanicity | p. 17 |
1.2.9 Radioactivity | p. 20 |
1.2.10 Soundness | p. 21 |
1.2.11 Colour | p. 22 |
1.2.12 Moisture | p. 22 |
2 Fresh mortar and concrete with fly ash | p. 24 |
2.1 Properties of freshly mixed mortar and concrete | p. 24 |
2.2 Admixtures and air content | p. 31 |
2.2.1 Superplasticizers | p. 31 |
2.2.2 Accelerators | p. 33 |
2.2.3 Air content | p. 35 |
2.3 Setting | p. 39 |
2.4 Plastic shrinkage | p. 41 |
3 Hardened mortar and concrete with fly ash | p. 42 |
3.1 Hydration and strength | p. 42 |
3.1.1 Effect of fly ash on the hydration of cement and concrete | p. 42 |
3.1.2 Pore size distribution | p. 50 |
3.1.3 Reactions of fly ash in mortars and concrete | p. 58 |
3.1.4 Autogeneous shrinkage | p. 59 |
3.1.5 Effect of fly ash on strength development of mortars and concretes | p. 59 |
3.1.6 Flexural and tensile strength | p. 62 |
3.1.7 Conclusions | p. 63 |
3.2 Deformations | p. 64 |
3.2.1 Deformation behaviour under compressive strength | p. 64 |
3.2.2 Deformation behaviour in tension | p. 79 |
3.2.3 Creep | p. 83 |
3.2.4 Moisture deformation | p. 91 |
3.2.5 Cracking | p. 103 |
3.2.6 Coefficient of thermal expansion | p. 103 |
3.3 Frost resistance | p. 104 |
3.3.1 Frost attack | p. 104 |
3.3.2 Frost plus de-icing agents | p. 113 |
3.3.3 Entrained air | p. 115 |
3.3.4 Conclusions | p. 116 |
3.4 Chemical resistance | p. 117 |
3.4.1 Sulphate attack | p. 117 |
3.4.2 Attack by other salts and acids | p. 123 |
3.4.3 General comments on attack of aggressive agents | p. 135 |
3.4.4 Alkali-aggregate reaction | p. 136 |
3.5 Carbonation | p. 143 |
3.5.1 Definition | p. 143 |
3.5.2 Alkalinity of the pore water | p. 144 |
3.5.3 Mechanism of carbonation | p. 146 |
3.5.4 Rate of carbonation | p. 146 |
3.5.5 Factors affecting carbonation | p. 149 |
3.5.6 Calculating carbonation | p. 153 |
3.5.7 Summary | p. 155 |
3.6 Chloride attack on steel reinforcement | p. 157 |
3.7 Electrical resistivity | p. 159 |
4 Other uses of fly ash | p. 160 |
4.1 Cement | p. 160 |
4.2 Binders with fly ash | p. 163 |
4.3 Precast concrete | p. 166 |
4.4 Bricks and blocks | p. 167 |
4.4.1 Aerated concrete | p. 167 |
4.4.2 Foamed concrete | p. 168 |
4.4.3 Lime-silica bricks | p. 169 |
4.4.4 Ceramics | p. 170 |
4.5 Lightweight aggregates | p. 172 |
4.6 Fly ash in road construction | p. 174 |
4.7 Fly ash in soil stabilization | p. 175 |
4.8 Fly ash as asphalt-filler | p. 176 |
4.9 Fly ash as fill | p. 177 |
4.10 Waste neutralization and stabilization | p. 177 |
5 References | p. 179 |
Appendix | p. 231 |
Rilem Recommendations TC Fab-67 Use Of Fly Ash In Building | |
Fly ash in concrete - Test methods | |
FAB 1 Test methods for determining the properties of fly ash | p. 233 |
FAB 2 Test methods for determining the properties of fly ash in concrete | p. 240 |
Index | p. 243 |