Solar energy in buildings : thermal balance for efficient heating and cooling

Solar Energy in Buildings presents solar radiation fundamentals and their applications in buildings, supported by theoretical analysis and results of original simulation studies in solar energy availability, collection, and conversion for both active and passive use. In-depth coverage of energy balance and heat transfer in building envelopes is supported by the inclusion of calculations and case studies, while contextualizing within an integrated design approach.

Author Notes

Professor Dorota Chwieduk is Senior Researcher and deputy Director of the Institute of Heat Engineering at Warsaw University of Technology. She is President of the Polish Solar Energy Society and past President of the International Solar Energy Society (ISES)-Europe. Prof, Chwieduk is currently a Fellow of both the Thermodynamic and Combustion and the Physics of Building Construction Committees of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Prof. Chwieduck is an author of over 200 papers and eight books.

Acknowledgments	p. ix
Introduction	p. xi
1 Solar Radiation-Fundamentals	p. 1
1.1 Terminology	p. 1
1.2 Solar Energy	p. 4
1.3 Radiation Transmission through the Atmosphere	p. 6
1.4 Longwave Radiation: Greenhouse Effect	p. 13
1.5 The Sky Temperature	p. 15
1.6 Classification of Key Solar Energy Technologies	p. 17
References	p. 19
2 Availability of Solar Radiation on the Earth	p. 21
2.1 Fundamentals of Spherical Geometry of the Earth in Relation to the Sun	p. 21
2.2 Solar Radiation Measurement	p. 33
2.3 Solar Radiation Data and Models	p. 35
2.4 Determining Solar Irradiation of Arbitrarily Situated Surfaces	p. 37
2.4.1 Radiation Components	p. 37
2.4.2 Isotropic Radiation Model	p. 38
2.4.3 Anisotropic Radiation Model	p. 43
2.5 Impact of Surroundings on Solar Radiation Availability	p. 46
2.5.1 Shading	p. 46
2.5.2 Sun Charts	p. 52
2.5.3 Reflectance of Elements in Surroundings	p. 58
References	p. 59
3 Shaping Building Envelope with Regard to Incident Solar Radiation	p. 63
3.1 General Recommendations	p. 63
3.2 Description of Solar Radiation Data Used for Considerations	p. 67
3.3 Comparison of Results of Calculation of Solar Irradiation on Surfaces Differently Situated Using Isotropic and Anisotropic Solar Radiation Model	p. 70
3.4 Solar Irradiation of Surfaces Differently Situated in the Considered Location	p. 74
3.5 Irradiation of an Extended Southern Facade	p. 79
3.6 Recommendations for Shaping Building Envelope with Regard to Solar Energy Availability	p. 85
References	p. 95
4 Photothermal Conversion in a Building	p. 97
4.1 Use of Photothermal Conversion in a Building	p. 97
4.2 Fundamentals of Radiation Processes in Photothermal Conversion	p. 98
4.2.1 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission of Solar Radiation	p. 98
4.2.2 Thermal Radiation Emission	p. 102
4.2.3 Radiation Transmission Through Transparent Media	p. 104
4.3 Analysis of Phenomena Occurring in Solar Energy Receivers	p. 114
4.3.1 Simplified Heat Balance of Any Solar Energy Receiver	p. 114
4.3.2 Transparent Covers	p. 116
4.3.3 System of Transparent Cover and Absorbing Surface	p. 121
4.3.4 Influence of the Absorbing Surface Type on Solar Energy Collection on Selective Surfaces	p. 125
4.4 Heat Transfer between the Solar Energy Receiver and Ambient Surrounding	p. 128
References	p. 130
5 Passive Utilization of Solar Energy in a Building	p. 133
5.1 Reduction of Building Energy Consumption	p. 133
5.2 Passive Solar Systems	p. 138
5.2.1 Classification of Passive Solar Systems	p. 138
5.2.2 Direct Solar Gain Systems	p. 139
5.2.3 Indirect Solar Gain Systems	p. 141
5.2.4 Indirect Solar Gain Systems with Buffer Spaces	p. 145
5.3 Selected Building Solar Technologies	p. 153
5.3.1 Research of Processes in Passive Solar Systems in Buildings	p. 153
5.3.2 Selected Glazing Technologies	p. 155
5.3.3 Transparent Insulation Technologies	p. 160
5.3.4 Phase-Change Materials	p. 164
References	p. 169
6 Energy Balance of a Building with Regard to Solar Radiation Exposure	p. 173
6.1 Formulation of Energy Balance of Rooms in a Building	p. 173
6.1.1 Energy Balance of a Building	p. 173
6.1.2 Heat Transfer through a Wall in a Steady-State	p. 175
6.1.3 Some Simplified Forms of Heat Balance of a Building	p. 183
6.2 Dynamics of Processes in Opaque Walls and Surroundings, Including the Impact of Solar Radiation	p. 187
6.2.1 Extension of General Form of the Energy Balance Equation	p. 187
6.2.2 Dynamics of Heat Transfer through Opaque Envelope Elements	p. 190
6.2.3 Heat Exchange with Surroundings through Building Envelope in Unsteady State	p. 191
6.2.4 Selected Examples of Unsteady Heat Transfer through Opaque Envelope Elements	p. 197
6.3 Dynamics of Energy Flow through Transparent Elements of a Building Envelope	p. 225
6.3.1 General Discussion	p. 225
6.3.2 Fundamentals of Energy Transfer through Glazing	p. 227
6.3.3 Heat Transfer Coefficients of a Gas Gap between Panes	p. 232
6.3.4 Description of Complex Phenomena of Energy Flow through Glazing	p. 234
6.3.5 Heat Flow through the Frame	p. 238
6.3.6 Some Examples of Unsteady Energy Flow through Windows	p. 240
6.4 Analysis of Simulation Results of Energy Balances of Some Rooms of a Building	p. 251
6.4.1 The Method Applied to Solve Problems	p. 251
6.4.2 Heating and Cooling Demand of Selected Rooms	p. 252
6.4.3 Final Conclusions on Heat Balance of Selected Rooms of a Building	p. 279
References	p. 286
7 Active Solar Systems in Buildings	p. 289
7.1 Main Applications of Active Solar Systems	p. 289
7.1.1 Basic Concepts of Solar Heating Systems	p. 289
7.1.2 Development of Solar Heating Systems	p. 290
7.2 Types, Functions and Operation of Active Solar Heating Systems	p. 295
7.2.1 Main Types of Active Solar Systems	p. 295
7.2.2 Basic Configurations of Active Solar Systems	p. 300
7.3 Solar Collectors	p. 308
7.3.1 Main Types of Solar Collectors	p. 308
7.3.2 Flat Plate Collector	p. 309
7.3.3 Evacuated Collector	p. 315
7.3.4 Other Collector Types	p. 319
7.3.5 Thermal Characteristics of Solar Collectors	p. 323
7.4 Application of Photovoltaics in Buildings	p. 329
7.4.1 Physical Fundamentals of the Internal Photovoltaic Effect	p. 329
7.4.2 Technologies of Solar PV Systems	p. 332
7.4.3 Application of PV Systems in Buildings	p. 336
7.5 Solar Cooling	p. 338
7.5.1 Possible Applications	p. 338
7.5.2 Solar Cooling and Air Conditioning Technologies	p. 339
7.5.3 Development Prospects for Solar Cooling Technologies	p. 345
References	p. 349
8 Buildings "Aware" of Solar Energy Impact: Summary	p. 353
Index	p. 357

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