Toxicants in terrestrial ecosystems : a guide for the analytical and environmental chemist

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Title:

Personal Author:

Crompton, T. R.

Publication Information:

Berlin : Springer, 2006

ISBN:

9783540336945

Subject Term:

Ecology

Pollution -- Environmental aspects

Soil pollution

Crops and soils -- Analysis

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010122384	QH541 C77 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

The presence of deliberately added or adventitious organic and inorganic compounds in soils can cause contamination of the crops which are grown on the land or animals feeding on the land, and, consequently can cause adverse toxic effects on man, animals, birds and insect life. Also, drainage of these substances from the soil by rainwater can cause pollution of adjacent streams, then rivers and, eventually, the oceans. The purpose of this book is to draw together the world-wide literature on the occurrence and analytical determination of all types of organic, organometallic and inorganic compounds in soils, animals, crops, plants, grains, dairy products and processed foods. Animal feed and fertilizers are also discussed.

1 Sampling for the Analysis of Soil and Plant Sample Materials	p. 1
1.1 Soil	p. 1
1.1.1 Soil Sampling	p. 1
1.1.2 Soil Preparation for the Analysis and Determination of Metals	p. 2
1.1.3 Extraction of Inorganic Substances from Soil	p. 3
1.1.4 Extraction of Organic Substances from Soils	p. 6
1.2 Plants and Crops	p. 18
1.2.1 Plant and Crop Sampling	p. 18
1.2.2 Preparation of Plant Extracts	p. 20
References	p. 20
2 Determination of Metals in Soils	p. 27
2.1 Actinides	p. 27
2.2 Aluminium	p. 27
2.3 Ammonium	p. 28
2.4 Antimony	p. 29
2.5 Arsenic	p. 30
2.6 Barium	p. 33
2.7 Beryllium	p. 33
2.8 Bismuth	p. 33
2.9 Cadmium	p. 33
2.10 Caesium	p. 36
2.11 Calcium	p. 37
2.12 Cerium	p. 38
2.13 Chromium	p. 39
2.14 Cobalt	p. 40
2.15 Copper	p. 40
2.16 Curium	p. 41
2.17 Europium	p. 41
2.18 Hafnium	p. 41
2.19 Indium	p. 41
2.20 Iridium	p. 41
2.21 Iron	p. 41
2.22 Lanthanum	p. 42
2.23 Lead	p. 42
2.24 Magnesium	p. 44
2.25 Manganese	p. 44
2.26 Mercury	p. 45
2.27 Molybdenum	p. 47
2.28 Nickel	p. 49
2.29 Palladium	p. 49
2.30 Platinum	p. 50
2.31 Plutonium and Americium	p. 50
2.32 Potassium	p. 50
2.33 Rubidium	p. 50
2.34 Scandium	p. 50
2.35 Selenium	p. 51
2.36 Silver	p. 55
2.37 Sodium	p. 55
2.38 Strontium	p. 55
2.39 Thullium	p. 55
2.40 Tantalum	p. 56
2.41 Technetium	p. 56
2.42 Tellurium	p. 56
2.43 Terbium	p. 56
2.44 Thallium	p. 56
2.45 Thorium	p. 57
2.46 Tin	p. 57
2.47 Titanium	p. 57
2.48 Tungsten	p. 57
2.49 Uranium	p. 58
2.50 Vanadium	p. 59
2.51 Yttrium	p. 59
2.52 Zinc	p. 60
2.53 Zirconium	p. 60
2.54 Selective Extraction of Metal Ions Associated with Humic Acid from Soil	p. 60
2.54.1 Extraction with Aqueous Reagents	p. 60
2.55 Multi-Metal Analysis of Soils	p. 65
References	p. 70
3 Determination of Radioactive Elements in Soil	p. 79
3.1 137 Caesium	p. 79
3.2 127 Iodine and 129 Iodine	p. 79
3.3 63 Nickel	p. 79
3.4 210 Polonium	p. 79
3.5 226 Radium	p. 79
3.6 89 Strontium and 90 Strontium	p. 80
3.7 99 Technetium	p. 81
3.8 Transuranic Elements	p. 82
3.8.1 Americium	p. 82
3.8.2 Californium	p. 82
3.8.3 Neptunium	p. 82
3.8.4 Plutonium	p. 82
3.8.5 Uranium	p. 84
References	p. 86
4 Determination of Organic Compounds in Soils	p. 89
4.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons	p. 89
4.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons	p. 91
4.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons [PAH]	p. 92
4.4 Heteropolycyclic Hydrocarbonyl [NSO]	p. 96
4.5 Oils and Greases	p. 97
4.6 Polystyrene	p. 97
4.7 Phenols	p. 97
4.8 Alcohols, Ketones, Aldehydes and Organic Acids	p. 98
4.9 Volatile Organic Compounds	p. 99
4.10 Chloroaliphatic Hydrocarbons	p. 101
4.11 Chloroaromatic Hydrocarbons	p. 103
4.12 Polychlorophenols	p. 104
4.13 Polychlorobiphenyls	p. 105
4.14 Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorodibenzofurans	p. 108
4.15 Trifluoroacetic Acid	p. 109
4.16 Compounds Containing Nitrogen, Sulfur and Phosphorus	p. 110
4.16.1 Nitrogen Compounds	p. 110
4.16.1.1 Aromatic Amines	p. 110
4.16.2 Sulfur Compounds	p. 112
4.16.3 Phosphorus Compounds	p. 112
4.17 Miscellaeous Organic Compounds	p. 112
4.17.1 Flame Retardants	p. 112
4.17.2 Humic and Fulvic Acids	p. 113
4.17.3 Mestranol	p. 114
4.17.4 Enteroviruses and Antibacterial Agents	p. 114
4.17.5 Miscellaneous	p. 114
4.18 Insecticides and Pesticides	p. 115
4.18.1 Chlorinated Insecticides	p. 115
4.18.2 Carbamate Insecticides	p. 117
4.18.3 Organophosphorus Insecticides	p. 118
4.18.4 Miscellaneous Insecticides	p. 118
4.19 Herbicides	p. 119
4.19.1 Carbamate Type	p. 119
4.19.2 Substituted Urea Types	p. 119
4.19.3 Sulfonylurea Type	p. 121
4.19.4 Triazine Type	p. 121
4.19.5 Phenoxyacetic Acid Type	p. 124
4.19.6 Imidazolinones	p. 126
4.19.7 Pre-emergent Pesticides	p. 127
4.19.8 Miscellaneous Insecticides/Herbicides	p. 131
4.20 Fungicides	p. 131
4.21 Soil Fumigants	p. 131
References	p. 132
5 Determination of Organometallic Compounds in Soils	p. 147
5.1 Organoarsenic Compounds	p. 147
5.2 Organolead Compounds	p. 148
5.3 Organomercury Compounds	p. 149
5.4 Organotin Compounds	p. 150
References	p. 151
6 Determination of Anions in Soil	p. 153
6.1 Arsenate/Arsenite	p. 153
6.2 Borate	p. 153
6.3 Bromide	p. 155
6.4 Carbonate	p. 156
6.5 Chlorate	p. 156
6.6 Chloride	p. 156
6.7 Chromate	p. 158
6.8 Cyanide	p. 158
6.9 Iodide	p. 158
6.10 Manganate	p. 158
6.11 Molybdate	p. 158
6.12 Nitrate	p. 158
6.13 Nitrite and Nitrate	p. 163
6.14 Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide	p. 164
6.15 Phosphate	p. 165
6.16 Selenite	p. 165
6.17 Sulfate	p. 165
6.18 Sulfide and Other Sulfur Functions	p. 167
6.19 Thallate	p. 170
6.20 Tungstate	p. 170
6.21 Uranate	p. 170
6.22 Vanadate	p. 170
6.23 Multiple Anions	p. 170
References	p. 171
7 Determination of Cations in Plant Materials, Vegetables and Fruit	p. 175
7.1 Aluminium	p. 175
7.2 Antimony	p. 175
7.3 Arsenic	p. 175
7.4 Barium	p. 175
7.5 Beryllium	p. 175
7.6 Bismuth	p. 175
7.7 Cadmium	p. 176
7.8 Calcium	p. 176
7.9 Chromium	p. 176
7.10 Cobalt	p. 176
7.11 Copper	p. 176
7.12 Germanium	p. 177
7.13 Gold	p. 177
7.14 Iron	p. 177
7.15 Lead	p. 178
7.16 Magnesium	p. 180
7.17 Manganese	p. 180
7.18 Mercury	p. 181
7.19 Molybdenum	p. 186
7.20 Nickel	p. 188
7.21 Potassium	p. 189
7.22 Rubidium	p. 189
7.23 Ruthenium	p. 189
7.24 Selenium	p. 190
7.25 Sodium	p. 192
7.26 Strontium	p. 192
7.27 Tellurium	p. 192
7.28 Thallium	p. 192
7.29 Tin	p. 192
7.30 Titanium	p. 193
7.31 Uranium	p. 193
7.32 Vanadium	p. 193
7.33 Zinc	p. 193
7.34 Multi-Cation Analysis	p. 193
7.34.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS)	p. 194
7.34.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)	p. 204
7.34.3 Spectrophotometry	p. 208
7.34.4 Polarography	p. 209
7.34.5 Gas Chromatography	p. 210
7.34.6 Neutron Activation Analysis	p. 210
7.34.7 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XFS)	p. 211
References	p. 212
8 Determination of Organic Compounds in Plant Materials, Vegetables and Fruit	p. 217
8.1 Carboxylic Acids and Ethers	p. 217
8.2 2,4-Dichlorophenol	p. 217
8.3 N-Nitroso Compounds	p. 217
8.4 Thiabendazole and S-Methylmethionine	p. 218
8.5 Miscellaneous Organic Compounds	p. 219
8.6 Mycotoxins	p. 219
8.6.1 Liquid Chromatography (LC)	p. 219
8.6.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)	p. 221
8.6.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SCFE)-Direct Fluid Injection Mass Spectrometry (DFI-MS)	p. 221
8.6.4 Differential Pulse Polarography (DPP)	p. 221
8.6.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Laser Fluorometric Detection	p. 222
8.7 Volatile Organic Compounds	p. 223
8.7.1 Volatiles in Plant Materials	p. 223
8.7.2 Volatiles in Fruit and Vegetables	p. 224
8.7.3 Volatiles in Grains	p. 225
8.8 Insecticides and Pesticides	p. 225
8.8.1 Plant Materials	p. 225
8.8.2 Fruit and Vegetables	p. 226
8.8.3 Grains and Cereals	p. 230
8.9 Herbicides in Plant Materials, Vegetables and Grain	p. 236
8.10 Fungicides in Vegetables, Fruit and Grain	p. 236
8.11 Growth Regulators	p. 241
References	p. 241
9 Determination of Organometallic Compounds in Plants and Crops	p. 247
9.1 Organomercury Compounds	p. 247
9.2 Organotin Compounds	p. 247
References	p. 248
10 Determination of Anions in Plants and Crops	p. 249
10.1 Borate	p. 249
10.2 Bromate	p. 250
10.3 Bromide	p. 250
10.4 Chloride	p. 250
10.5 Cyanide	p. 251
10.6 Fluoride	p. 251
10.7 Nitrate and Nitrite	p. 252
10.8 Phosphate	p. 253
10.9 Sulfate	p. 253
10.10 Vanadate	p. 253
10.11 Multi-Anion Analysis	p. 254
References	p. 255
11 Contaminant Contents of Soil and Crops	p. 257
References	p. 261
Subject Index	p. 263

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