Title:
Modern wireless communications
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Publication Information:
Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson, 2005
ISBN:
9780130224729
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Summary
Summary
This book provides a self-motivating introduction to wireless communications; it presents topics in a manner consistent with their natural evolution, based on the principle of increasing spectral efficiency of the radio transmission. TOPICS: Wireless Systems begins with a discussion of FDMA systems and follows with the evolution through TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA techniques. Engineering principles required for each multiple access strategy are presented parallel to it. For electrical engineers and others involved in wireless communications.
Excerpts
Excerpts
The rapid growth of wireless communications and its pervasive use in all walks of life are changing the way we communicate in some fundamental ways. Most important, reliance on radio propagation as the physical mechanism responsible for the transport of information-bearing signals from the transmitter to the receiver has endowed communications with a distinctive feature, namely, mobility. Modern Wireless Communications is a new book aimed at the teaching of a course that could follow a traditional course on communication systems, as an integral part of an undergraduate program in electrical engineering or as the first graduate course on wireless communications. The primary focus of the book is on the physical layer, emphasizing the fundamentals of radio propagation and communication-theoretic aspects of multiple-access techniques. Many aspects of wireless communications are covered in an introductory level and book form for the first time. 1. ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK The book is organized in seven chapters, nine appendices, and a bibliography. Chapter 1 motivates the study of wireless communications. It begins with a brief historical account of wireless communications, and then goes on to describe the OSI model of communication networks. The discussion, however, focuses on the issues that arise in the study of the physical layer, which is the mainstay of the book. Chapter 2 on radio propagation starts with an explanation of the physical mechanisms of the propagation process, including free-space propagation, reflection, and diffraction. These physical mechanisms provide insight into the statistical models that are employed for terrestrial and indoor propagation effects that follow. The small-scale effects of fading and uncorrelated scattering are discussed, leading up to a careful classification of the different wireless channel types. The second half of the chapter describes noise and interference, and how combined with propagation, we may determine wireless communication system performance through a link-budget analysis. Chapter 3 reviews the modulation process with emphasis on digital transmission techniques. This introductory treatment of modulation paves the way for discussions of the following issues: Complex baseband representation of linear modulated signals, and the corresponding input/output descriptions of linear wireless communication channels and linear band-pass filters. • Practical problems concerning adjacent channel interference and nonlinearities in transmit power amplifiers. The stage is then set for comparative evaluation of various modulation strategies for wireless communications, discussion of receiver performance in the presence of channel noise and Rayleigh fading, and discussion of frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA). Chapter 4 focuses on coding techniques and time-division multiple-access (TDMA). After a brief review of Shannon's classical information theory, the source coding of speech signals is discussed, which is then followed by fundamental aspects of convolutional codes, interleavers, and turbo codes. The relative merits of convolutional codes and turbo codes are discussed in the context of wireless communications. The various aspects of channel-estimation, tracking, and channel equalization are treated in detail. The discussion then moves onto TDMA and the advantages it offers over FDMA. Chapter 5 discusses spread spectrum, code-division multiple-access (CDMA), and cellular systems. It first presents the basics of spread-spectrum systems, namely, direct-sequence, and frequency-hopped systems, and their tolerance to interference. A fundamental component of spread-spectrum systems is the spreading code: a section of the chapter is devoted to explaining Walsh-Hadamard, maximal-length sequences, Gold codes, and random sequences. This discussion is then followed with a description of RAKE receivers, channel estimation, code synchronization, and the multipath performance of direct-sequence systems. This leads naturally to a discussion of how direct-sequence systems perform in a cellular environment. Chapter 6 is devoted to the notion of space diversity and related topics. It starts with diversity on receive, which represents the traditional technique for mitigating the fading problem that plagues wireless communications. Then the chapter introduces the powerful notion of multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications, which includes space diversity on receive and space diversity on transmit as special cases. Most important, the use of MIMO communications represents the "spatial frontier" of wireless communications in that, for prescribed communication resources in the form of fixed transmit power and channel bandwidth, it provides the practical means for significant increases in the spectral efficiency of wireless communications at the expense of increased computational complexity. The discussion of MIMO wireless communications also includes orthogonal space-time block codes (STBC), best exemplified by the Alamouti code and its differential form. The discussion then moves onto space-division multiple access (SDMA), and smart antennas. Chapter 7 links the physical layer and multiple-access topics of the previous chapters with the higher layers of the communications network. This final chapter of the book begins with a comparison of the different multiple-access strategies. The discussion then leads to a consideration of various link-management functions associated with wireless systems, namely, signaling, power control, and handover. The differences between systems used for telephony and those used for data transmission are clearly delineated. This is then followed by a discussion of wireless network architectures, both for telephony and data applications. 1.1 Theme Examples An enriching feature of the book is the inclusion of Theme Examples within each of the chapters in the book, except for Chapter 1. In a loose sense, they may be viewed as "Chapters within Chapters" that show the practical applications of the topics discussed in the pertinent chapters. Specifically, the following Theme Examples are discussed: Chapter 2: Empirical propagation model, wireless local area networks (LANs), and impulse radio and ultra-wideband Chapter 4: Global system for mobile (GSM) communications, joint equalization and decoding, and random-access techniques Chapter 5: Code-division multiple access (CDMA) Standard IS-95, GPSS, bluetooth, wideband CDMA and WiFi Chapter 6: BLAST architectures, diversity, space-time block codes, and V-BLAST, and keyhole channels Chapter 7: Wireless telephone network standards, wireless data network standards, and IEEE 801.11 MAC 1.2 Appendices To provide supplementary material for the book, nine appendices are included: Fourier theory Bessel functions Random variables and random processes Matched filters Error function Maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) decoding Capacity of MIMO links Eigendecomposition Adaptive antenna array The inclusion of these appendices is intended to make the book essentially self-sufficient. 1.3 Other Features of the Book Each chapter includes "within-text" problems that are intended to help the reader develop an improved understanding of the issues being discussed in the text. "End-of-chapter" problems provide an abundance of additional problems, whose solutions will further help the reader develop a deeper understanding of the material covered in the pertinent chapter. Moreover, each chapter includes examples with detailed solutions covering different aspects of the subject matter. "Notes and References" included at the end of the chapter provide explanatory notes, and they guide the reader to related references for further reading. All the references so made are assembled in the Bibliography placed at the end of the book. Excerpted from Modern Wireless Communications by Michael Moher, Simon Haykin All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.Table of Contents
Preface | p. xiii |
Chapter 1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Background | p. 1 |
1.2 Communication Systems | p. 3 |
1.3 The Physical Layer | p. 3 |
1.4 The Data-Link Layer | p. 5 |
1.4.1 FDMA | p. 5 |
1.4.2 TDMA | p. 6 |
1.4.3 CDMA | p. 7 |
1.4.4 SDMA | p. 8 |
1.5 Overview of the Book | p. 8 |
Notes and References | p. 10 |
Chapter 2 Propagation and Noise | p. 11 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 11 |
2.2 Free-Space Propagation | p. 13 |
2.2.1 Isotropic Radiation | p. 13 |
2.2.2 Directional Radiation | p. 15 |
2.2.3 The Friis Equation | p. 18 |
2.2.4 Polarization | p. 19 |
2.3 Terrestrial Propagation: Physical Models | p. 19 |
2.3.1 Reflection and the Plane-Earth Model | p. 20 |
2.3.2 Diffraction | p. 24 |
2.3.3 Diffraction Losses | p. 28 |
2.4 Terrestrial Propagation: Statistical Models | p. 30 |
2.4.1 Median Path Loss | p. 30 |
2.4.2 Local Propagation Loss | p. 32 |
2.5 Indoor Propagation | p. 33 |
2.6 Local Propagation Effects with Mobile Radio | p. 36 |
2.6.1 Rayleigh Fading | p. 36 |
2.6.2 Rician Fading | p. 40 |
2.6.3 Doppler | p. 42 |
2.6.4 Fast Fading | p. 44 |
2.7 Channel Classification | p. 48 |
2.7.1 Time-Selective Channels | p. 50 |
2.7.2 Frequency-Selective Channels | p. 52 |
2.7.3 General Channels | p. 52 |
2.7.4 WSSUS Channels | p. 54 |
2.7.5 Coherence Time | p. 57 |
2.7.6 Power-Delay Profile | p. 58 |
2.7.7 Coherence Bandwidth | p. 60 |
2.7.8 Stationary and Nonstationary Channels | p. 61 |
2.7.9 Summary of Channel Classification | p. 62 |
2.8 Noise and Interference | p. 63 |
2.8.1 Thermal Noise | p. 63 |
2.8.2 Equivalent Noise Temperature and Noise Figure | p. 66 |
2.8.3 Noise in Cascaded Systems | p. 68 |
2.8.4 Man-Made Noise | p. 70 |
2.8.5 Multiple-Access Interference | p. 71 |
2.9 Link Calculations | p. 75 |
2.9.1 Free-Space Link Budget | p. 75 |
2.9.2 Terrestrial Link Budget | p. 80 |
2.10 Theme Example 1: Okumura-Hata Empirical Model | p. 82 |
2.11 Theme Example 2: Wireless Local Area Networks | p. 85 |
2.11.1 Propagation Model | p. 85 |
2.11.2 Receiver Sensitivity | p. 85 |
2.11.3 Range | p. 86 |
2.11.4 Power-Delay Profile | p. 86 |
2.11.5 Modulation | p. 88 |
2.12 Theme Example 3: Impulse Radio and Ultra-Wideband | p. 89 |
2.13 Summary and Discussion | p. 94 |
Notes and References | p. 95 |
Additional Problems | p. 96 |
Chapter 3 Modulation and Frequency-Division Multiple Access | p. 103 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 103 |
3.2 Modulation | p. 105 |
3.2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Modulation Processes | p. 106 |
3.2.2 Analog and Digital Modulation Techniques | p. 107 |
3.2.3 Amplitude and Angle Modulation Processes | p. 107 |
3.3 Linear Modulation Techniques | p. 108 |
3.3.1 Amplitude Modulation | p. 108 |
3.3.2 Binary Phase-Shift Keying | p. 110 |
3.3.3 Quadriphase-Shift Keying | p. 112 |
3.3.4 Offset Quadriphase-Shift Keying | p. 114 |
3.3.5 [pi]/4-Shifted Quadriphase-Shift Keying | p. 116 |
3.4 Pulse Shaping | p. 116 |
3.4.1 Root Raised-Cosine Pulse Shaping | p. 119 |
3.5 Complex Representation of Linear Modulated Signals and Band-Pass Systems | p. 122 |
3.5.1 Complex Representation of Linear Band-Pass Systems | p. 124 |
3.6 Signal-Space Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals | p. 126 |
3.7 Nonlinear Modulation Techniques | p. 130 |
3.7.1 Frequency Modulation | p. 130 |
3.7.2 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying | p. 132 |
3.7.3 Continuous-Phase Modulation: Minimum Shift Keying | p. 133 |
3.7.4 Power Spectra of MSK Signal | p. 137 |
3.7.5 Gaussian-Filtered MSK | p. 139 |
3.8 Frequency-Division Multiple Access | p. 142 |
3.9 Two Practical Issues of Concern | p. 144 |
3.9.1 Adjacent Channel Interference | p. 144 |
3.9.2 Power Amplifier Nonlinearity | p. 146 |
3.10 Comparison of Modulation Strategies for Wireless Communications | p. 148 |
3.10.1 Linear Channels | p. 148 |
3.10.2 Nonlinear Channels | p. 150 |
3.11 Channel Estimation and Tracking | p. 151 |
3.11.1 Differential Detection | p. 152 |
3.11.2 Pilot Symbol Transmission | p. 154 |
3.12 Receiver Performance: Bit Error Rate | p. 158 |
3.12.1 Channel Noise | p. 158 |
3.13 Theme Example 1: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing | p. 162 |
3.13.1 Cyclic Prefix | p. 167 |
3.14 Theme Example 2: Cordless Telecommunications | p. 168 |
3.15 Summary and Discussion | p. 170 |
Notes and References | p. 171 |
Additional Problems | p. 173 |
Chapter 4 Coding and Time-Division Multiple Access | p. 179 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 179 |
4.2 Sampling | p. 182 |
4.3 Why Follow Sampling with Coding? | p. 184 |
4.4 Shannon's Information Theory | p. 185 |
4.4.1 Source-Coding Theorem | p. 185 |
4.4.2 Channel-Coding Theorem | p. 186 |
4.4.3 Information Capacity Theorem | p. 187 |
4.4.4 Rate Distortion Theory | p. 188 |
4.5 Speech Coding | p. 189 |
4.5.1 Linear Prediction | p. 189 |
4.5.2 Multipulse Excited LPC | p. 190 |
4.5.3 Code-Excited LPC | p. 192 |
4.6 Error-Control Coding | p. 193 |
4.6.1 Cyclic Redundancy Check Codes | p. 194 |
4.7 Convolutional Codes | p. 195 |
4.7.1 Trellis and State Diagrams of Convolutional Codes | p. 198 |
4.7.2 Free Distance of a Convolutional Code | p. 200 |
4.8 Maximum-Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes | p. 201 |
4.9 The Viterbi Algorithm | p. 203 |
4.9.1 Modifications of the Viterbi Algorithm | p. 205 |
4.10 Interleaving | p. 207 |
4.10.1 Block Interleaving | p. 208 |
4.10.2 Convolutional Interleaving | p. 210 |
4.10.3 Random Interleaving | p. 212 |
4.11 Noise Performance of Convolutional Codes | p. 212 |
4.12 Turbo Codes | p. 215 |
4.12.1 Turbo Encoding | p. 215 |
4.12.2 Turbo Decoding | p. 216 |
4.12.3 Noise Performance | p. 218 |
4.12.4 Maximum a Posteriori Probability Decoding | p. 219 |
4.13 Comparison of Channel-Coding Strategies for Wireless Communications | p. 222 |
4.13.1 Encoding | p. 223 |
4.13.2 Decoding | p. 224 |
4.13.3 AWGN Channel | p. 225 |
4.13.4 Fading Wireless Channels | p. 225 |
4.13.5 Latency | p. 225 |
4.13.6 Joint Equalization and Decoding | p. 226 |
4.14 RF Modulation Revisited | p. 226 |
4.15 Baseband Processing for Channel Estimation and Equalization | p. 227 |
4.15.1 Channel Estimation | p. 229 |
4.15.2 Viterbi Equalization | p. 231 |
4.16 Time-Division Multiple Access | p. 233 |
4.16.1 Advantages of TDMA over FDMA | p. 234 |
4.16.2 TDMA Overlaid on FDMA | p. 235 |
4.17 Theme Example 1: GSM | p. 236 |
4.18 Theme Example 2: Joint Equalization and Decoding | p. 239 |
4.18.1 Computer Experiment | p. 241 |
4.19 Theme Example 3: Random-Access Techniques | p. 243 |
4.19.1 Pure Aloha | p. 243 |
4.19.2 Slotted Aloha | p. 245 |
4.19.3 Carrier-Sense Multiple Access | p. 245 |
4.19.4 Other Considerations with Random-Access Protocols | p. 248 |
4.20 Summary and Discussion | p. 249 |
Notes and References | p. 251 |
Additional Problems | p. 252 |
Chapter 5 Spread Spectrum and Code-Division Multiple Access | p. 258 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 258 |
5.2 Direct-Sequence Modulation | p. 260 |
5.2.1 The Spreading Equation | p. 260 |
5.2.2 Matched-Filter Receiver | p. 262 |
5.2.3 Performance with Interference | p. 263 |
5.3 Spreading Codes | p. 265 |
5.3.1 Walsh-Hadamard Sequences | p. 267 |
5.3.2 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factors | p. 269 |
5.3.3 Maximal-Length Sequences | p. 270 |
5.3.4 Scramblers | p. 274 |
5.3.5 Gold Codes | p. 274 |
5.3.6 Random Sequences | p. 276 |
5.4 The Advantages of CDMA for Wireless | p. 279 |
5.4.1 Multiple-Access Interference | p. 279 |
5.4.2 Multipath Channels | p. 283 |
5.4.3 RAKE Receiver | p. 284 |
5.4.4 Fading Channels | p. 288 |
5.4.5 Summary of the Benefits of DS-SS | p. 289 |
5.5 Code Synchronization | p. 290 |
5.6 Channel Estimation | p. 292 |
5.7 Power Control: The Near-Far Problem | p. 294 |
5.8 FEC Coding and CDMA | p. 297 |
5.9 Multiuser Detection | p. 299 |
5.10 CDMA in a Cellular Environment | p. 301 |
5.11 Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum | p. 306 |
5.11.1 Complex Baseband Representation of FH-SS | p. 307 |
5.11.2 Slow-Frequency Hopping | p. 308 |
5.11.3 Fast-Frequency Hopping | p. 310 |
5.11.4 Processing Gain | p. 310 |
5.12 Theme Example 1: IS-95 | p. 311 |
5.12.1 Channel Protocol | p. 311 |
5.12.2 Pilot Channel | p. 313 |
5.12.3 Downlink CDMA Channels | p. 314 |
5.12.4 Power Control | p. 316 |
5.12.5 Cellular Considerations | p. 317 |
5.12.6 Uplink | p. 318 |
5.13 Theme Example 2: GPSS | p. 319 |
5.14 Theme Example 3: Bluetooth | p. 321 |
5.15 Theme Example 4: WCDMA | p. 323 |
5.15.1 Bandwidth and Chip Rate | p. 324 |
5.15.2 Data Rates and Spreading Factor | p. 324 |
5.15.3 Modulation and Synchronization | p. 324 |
5.15.4 Forward Error-Correction Codes | p. 324 |
5.15.5 Channel Types | p. 325 |
5.15.6 Uplink | p. 325 |
5.15.7 Downlink | p. 326 |
5.15.8 Multicode Transmission | p. 327 |
5.15.9 Cellular Considerations | p. 327 |
5.16 Theme Example 5: Wi-Fi | p. 328 |
5.17 Summary and Discussion | p. 331 |
Notes and References | p. 332 |
Additional Problems | p. 333 |
Chapter 6 Diversity, Capacity, and Space-Division Multiple Access | p. 339 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 339 |
6.2 "Space Diversity on Receive" Techniques | p. 341 |
6.2.1 Selection Combining | p. 341 |
6.2.2 Maximal-Ratio Combining | p. 346 |
6.2.3 Equal-Gain Combining | p. 353 |
6.2.4 Square-Law Combining | p. 353 |
6.3 Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Antenna Systems | p. 357 |
6.3.1 Coantenna Interference | p. 358 |
6.3.2 Basic Baseband Channel Model | p. 360 |
6.4 MIMO Capacity for Channel Known at the Receiver | p. 363 |
6.4.1 Ergodic Capacity | p. 363 |
6.4.2 Two Other Special Cases of the Log-Det Formula: Capacities of Receive and Transmit Diversity Links | p. 366 |
6.4.3 Outage Capacity | p. 367 |
6.4.4 Channel Known at the Transmitter | p. 371 |
6.5 Singular-Value Decomposition of the Channel Matrix | p. 371 |
6.5.1 Eigendecomposition of the Log-det Capacity Formula | p. 374 |
6.6 Space-Time Codes for MIMO Wireless Communications | p. 376 |
6.6.1 Preliminaries | p. 378 |
6.6.2 Alamouti Code | p. 379 |
6.6.3 Performance Comparison of Diversity-on-Receive and Diversity-on-Transmit Schemes | p. 387 |
6.6.4 Generalized Complex Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes | p. 389 |
6.6.5 Performance Comparisons of Different Space-Time Block Codes Using a Single Receiver | p. 392 |
6.7 Differential Space-Time Block Codes | p. 395 |
6.7.1 Differential Space-Time Block Coding | p. 395 |
6.7.2 Transmitter and Receiver Structures | p. 401 |
6.7.3 Noise Performance | p. 402 |
6.8 Space-Division Multiple Access and Smart Antennas | p. 404 |
6.8.1 Antenna Arrays | p. 406 |
6.8.2 Multipath with Directional Antennas | p. 412 |
6.9 Theme Example 1: BLAST Architectures | p. 415 |
6.9.1 Diagonal-BLAST Architecture | p. 416 |
6.9.2 Vertical-BLAST Architecture | p. 417 |
6.9.3 Turbo-BLAST Architecture | p. 419 |
6.9.4 Experimental Performance Evaluation of Turbo-BLAST versus V-BLAST | p. 422 |
6.10 Theme Example 2: Diversity, Space-Time Block Codes, and V-BLAST | p. 426 |
6.10.1 Diversity-on-Receive versus Diversity-on-Transmit | p. 426 |
6.10.2 Space-Time Block Codes versus V-BLAST | p. 427 |
6.10.3 Diversity Order and Multiplexing Gain | p. 429 |
6.11 Theme Example 3: Keyhole Channels | p. 432 |
6.12 Summary and Discussion | p. 436 |
Notes and References | p. 439 |
Additional Problems | p. 441 |
Chapter 7 Wireless Architectures | p. 450 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 450 |
7.2 Comparison of Multiple-Access Strategies | p. 450 |
7.3 OSI Reference Model | p. 454 |
7.4 The OSI Model and Wireless Communications | p. 457 |
7.5 MAC Sublayer Signaling and Protocols | p. 458 |
7.6 Power Control | p. 461 |
7.6.1 Open Loop | p. 462 |
7.6.2 Closed Loop | p. 463 |
7.6.3 Outer-Loop Power Control | p. 464 |
7.6.4 Other Considerations | p. 464 |
7.7 Handover | p. 465 |
7.7.1 Handover Algorithms | p. 465 |
7.7.2 Multiple-Access Considerations | p. 466 |
7.8 Network Layer | p. 467 |
7.8.1 Cellular Networks | p. 467 |
7.8.2 Indoor LANs | p. 469 |
7.9 Theme Example 1: Wireless Telephone Network Standards | p. 470 |
7.10 Theme Example 2: Wireless Data Network Standards | p. 472 |
7.11 Theme Example 3: IEEE 802.11 MAC | p. 473 |
7.12 Summary and Discussion | p. 475 |
Notes and References | p. 476 |
Problems | p. 476 |