Robert M. NeremKun-Yong Kim and In-Hyun ParkJennifer J. TrowbridgeNgan F. Huang and Song LiMichael S. Friedman and J. Kent LeachJennifer L. Young Karen L. Christman and Adam J. EnglerRajendra Sawh-Martinez and Edward McGillicuddy and Gustavo Villalona|vToshiharu ShinÆoka and Christopher K. BreuerLaura E. Dickinson and Sharon GerechtSae Hee Ko and Allison Nauta and Geoffrey C. Gurtner and Michael T. LongakerJeannine M. Coburn and Jennifer H. ElisseeffSushmita Saha and Jennifer Kirkham and David Wood and Stephen Curran and Xuebin B. YangNicholas J. Panetta and Deepak M. Gupta and Michael T. LongakerBradley McAllister and Kamran haghighatMichael S. Beattie and Jacqueline C. BresnahanCaroline Auclair Daigle and Francois BerthodDavid A. Brafman and Karl Willert and Shu ChienJason W. Nichol and Hojae Bae and Nezamoddin N. Kachouie and Behnam Zamanian and Mahdokht Masaeli and Ali KhademhosseiniNathalie Dusserre and Todd McAllister and Nicolas LÆHeureuxTodd McAllister and Corey Iyican and Nathalie Dusserre and Nicolas LHeureux

Contributors	p. xiii
Preface	p. xxiii
1 Tissue Engineering: From Basic Biology to Cell-Based Applications	p. 1
1 Introduction	p. 1
2 Cell Source	p. 3
3 Stem Cells	p. 5
4 From Benchtop Science to Cell-Based Applications	p. 7
5 Concluding Comments	p. 8
Acknowledgments	p. 0
References	p. 9
2 Recent Advances and Future Perspectives on Somatic Cell Reprogramming	p. 13
1 Introduction	p. 13
2 Nuclear Reprogramming	p. 14
3 Reprogramming by Defined Factors	p. 16
4 Recent Advances in Reprogramming Methods	p. 17
5 Future Perspectives on Reprogramming and iPS Cells	p. 19
Acknowledgments	p. 23
References	p. 23
3 Hematopoietic Stem Cells	p. 31
1 Introcution	p. 31
2 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Sources	p. 32
3 Applications	p. 36
4 Challenges for Tissue Engineering	p. 37
Acknowledgments	p. 41
References	p. 42
4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Regeneration	p. 49
1 Introduction	p. 49
2 MSC Sources and Phenotype	p. 50
3 Differentiation of MSCs in vitro	p. 52
4 Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Using Bone Marrow MSCs and ASCs	p. 54
5 Future Directions	p. 61
Acknowledgments	p. 62
References	p. 62
5 Delivery Vehicles for Deploying Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Tissue Repair	p. 71
1 Introduction	p. 71
2 Delivery of MSCs for Repairing Cardiovascular Tissues	p. 72
3 Delivery Vehicles for Deploying Stem Cells in Skin Regeneration	p. 78
4 Biomaterials for Implanting MSCs for Regenerating Osteochondral Tissues	p. 81
5 Conclusions	p. 88
References	p. 88
6 Stem Cells for Cardiac Tissue Engineering	p. 95
1 Cell Therapies for Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure	p. 95
2 Cellular Cardiomyoplasty Revisited: The Influence of in Vitro Mechanics	p. 98
3 Tissue Engineering Approach: Utilizing Biomaterial Scaffolds	p. 102
References	p. 107
7 Cardiovascular System: Stem Cells in Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels	p. 115
1 Introduction	p. 115
2 Critical Elements of an Artificial Blood Vesselp117
3 Approaches to Creating TEBVs	p. 119
4 Conclusion	p. 127
Acknowledgments	p. 128
References	p. 128
8 Stem Cells for Vascular Regeneration: An Engineering Approach	p. 135
1 Introdtuion	p. 135
2 Cell Sources	p. 136
3 Engineering Vascular Differentiation	p. 141
4 Three Dimensional Space	p. 142
Acknowledgments	p. 152
References	p. 152
9 Stem Cells and Wound Repair	p. 159
1 Clinical Burden of Wound Healing	p. 159
2 Physiology of Wound Healing	p. 161
3 Stem Cells and Wound Repair	p. 165
4 Conclusion	p. 173
References	p. 174
10 Engineering Cartilage: From Materials to Small Molecules	p. 181
1 Introduction	p. 181
2 Structure of Articular Cartilage of the Knee	p. 181
3 Osteoarthritis of the Knee	p. 183
4 Surgical Strategies for Repairing Focal Cartilage Defects	p. 185
5 Scaffolds for Assisting Operative Techniquep187
6 Measenchymal Stem Cells for Cartilage Tissue Engineering	p. 192
7 Hydrogels for Directed Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells	p. 193
8 Fiber-Hydrogel Composites	p. 197
9 Small Molecules for Directing Chondrogenesis	p. 199
10 Conclusion	p. 201
Acknowledgments	p. 202
References	p. 202
11 Adult Stem Cells for Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering	p. 211
1 Introduction	p. 211
2 Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hBMMSCs)	p. 213
3 Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCS)	p. 216
4 Periosteum Derived Stem Progenitor Cells (PDSCs/PDPCs)	p. 217
5 Synovium Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (SMSCs)	p. 218
6 Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells HDPSCs	p. 219
7 Umbilical Cord Cord Blood Derived Stem Cells	p. 220
8 Other Potential Cell Sources with a Chondrogenic Potential	p. 220
9 Conclusion and Future Directions	p. 222
Acknowledgments	p. 222
References	p. 222
12 Stem Cells for Disc RepairAliza A. Allon and Zorica Buser
1 Introduction	p. 231
2 The Demanding Intervertebral Disc Environment	p. 233
3 Evaluating a Stem Cell Based Therapy	p. 234
4 Non Stem Cell Based Regeneration Strategies	p. 236
5 Stem Cells for Disc Repair	p. 237
6 Conclusion	p. 244
References	p. 244
13 Skeletal Tissue Engineering Progress and Prospects	p. 251
1 Introdution	p. 251
2 Lessons Learned from Endogenous Skeletal Tissue Development, Healing and Regeneration	p. 255
3 Progenitor Cell-Based Skeletal Tissue Engineering	p. 257
4 Pro-osteogenic Molecular Biology	p. 261
5 Advances in Skeletal Tissue Engineering Scaffolds	p. 266
6 Summary and Future Directions	p. 268
References	p. 269
14 Clinical Applications of a Stem Cell Based Therapy for Oral Bone Reconstruction	p. 277
1 Introduction	p. 277
2 Procurement Methodology for Stem Cell Containing Allograft	p. 279
3 Ridge Augmentation	p. 282
4 Sinus Augmentaion	p. 284
5 Discussion	p. 289
Acknowledgments	p. 292
References	p. 292
15 Therapeutic Strategies for Repairing the Injured Spinal Cord using Stem Cells	p. 297
1 Introduction	p. 297
2 Secondary Injury and Endogenous Repair After SCI	p. 299
3 Therapeutic Targets for Transplanted Stem and Progenitor Cells	p. 300
4 Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury	p. 301
5 Types of Stem and Progenitor Cells Used for Transplantation in SCI	p. 305
6 Evidence for Effects on Regeneration and Sprouting	p. 306
7 Evidence for Effects on Neuroprotection	p. 307
8 Evidence for Replacement of Neurons	p. 307
9 Evidence for Oligodendrocyte Replacement and Remyelination	p. 308
10 Keys to Future Progress	p. 309
11 Are Stem and Progenitor Cell Therapies Ready for Clinical Trials	p. 311
Acknowledgments	p. 312
References	p. 312
16 Potential to Tissue Engineering and Neural Stem Cells in the Understanding and Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases	p. 321
1 Intorduction	p. 321
2 Neurodegenerative Diseases and Their Current Treatments	p. 322
3 Tissue Engineering as a Tool to Better Understand Neurodegenerative Diseases	p. 324
4 Neural Stem Cells to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases	p. 329
5 Conclusion	p. 339
Acknowledgments	p. 339
References	p. 340
17 High-Throughput Systems for Stem Cell Engineering	p. 347
1 Introduction	p. 347
2 Sources of Stem Cells Suitable for High-Throughput Screening Approaches	p. 348
3 The Stem Cell Niche: A Cellular Microenvironment That Controls Stem Cell Behavior	p. 349
4 High-Throughput Intrinsic Systems for Stem Cell Investigations	p. 363
5 Conclusions and Future Trends	p. 365
References	p. 367
18 Microscale Technologies for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Differentiation	p. 375
1 Introduction	p. 375
2 Control of Cellular Tissue Microarchitecture	p. 377
3 Microscale Technologies to Investigate and Control Stem Cell Behavior	p. 380
4 Assembly Techniques for Creating Engineered Tissues from Microscale Building Blocks	p. 385
5 Conclusions and Future Directions	p. 391
References	p. 391
19 Quality Control of Autologous Cell- and Tissue Based Therapies	p. 397
1 Introcution	p. 397
2 Regulations Pertaining to Quality Control of Cell- and Tissue Based Products	p. 398
3 cGMP cGTP and Quality System	p. 401
4 Core Requirements of a Quality Program	p. 402
5 Tailoring Quality Control to the Manufacturing Process	p. 407
6 Conclusion	p. 417
Acknowledgments	p. 418
References	p. 418
20 Regulatory Challenges for Cell Based Therapentics	p. 423
1 Introcution	p. 423
2 Regulatory Challenges at Each Phase of Clinical Development	p. 425
3 Regional Considerations for Clinical Trials	p. 430
4 Use of a Clinical Research Organization	p. 435
5 Universal Regulatory Considerations for Cell-Based Therapeutics	p. 437
References	p. 439
Index	p. 441