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Summary
Summary
Principles of HVAC in Buildings by J. W. Mitchell and J. E. Braun provides foundational knowledge for the behavior and analysis of HVAC systems and related devices. The emphasis is on the application of engineering principles, and features a tight integration of physical descriptions with a software program that allows performance to be directly calculated, with results that provide insight into actual behavior. The examples, end-of-chapter problems, and design projects are more than exercises; they represent situations that an engineer might face in practice and are selected to illustrate the complex and integrated nature of an HVAC system or piece of equipment. Coverage of material applicable to the field is broad: a Fundamentals section on thermodynamics, fluid flow, heat transfer, and psychrometrics; types of HVAC systems and components; comfort and air quality criteria; a Loads section on weather data processing; design heating and cooling loads; an Equipment section on air and water distribution systems, heating and cooling coils, cooling towers, refrigeration equipment, and a Design and Control section on seasonal energy use, control techniques, supervisory control, the HVAC design process, and the rules of thumb often used in design. The textbook provides a foundation for students and practicing engineers to design HVAC systems for buildings. In addition, there is extensive supplemental on-line material that provides more in-depth and comprehensive treatment of equipment and component modeling and performance that is geared towards current and future equipment design engineers.
Author Notes
John Mitchell is an emeritus professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. He received his Ph.D from Stanford University.He is currently working with Wiley on a Thermal Sciences concept inventory project.
James Braun is a professor of Mechanical Engineering at Purdue. He received his Ph.D from the University of Wisconsin in 1988. HVAC is his primary research area.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to HVAC Systems | p. 1 |
1.1 Systems and Definitions | p. 1 |
1.2 History of Air Conditioning | p. 3 |
1.31 Trends in Energy Use and Impact | p. 5 |
1.4 HVAC System Design and Operation | p. 7 |
1.5 Energy Costs | p. 11 |
1.6 Book Philosophy and Organization | p. 11 |
1.7 Units | p. 13 |
1.8 Summary | p. 14 |
Problems p. 14 | |
2 System Analysis Techniques and the Use of EES | p. 15 |
2.1 Introduction | p. 15 |
2.2 Introduction to EES | p. 19 |
2.3 Common Problems Encountered when Using EES | p. 22 |
2.4 Curve Fitting Using EES | p. 26 |
2.5 Optimization Using EES | p. 29 |
2.6 Successful Problem Solving Using EES | p. 31 |
2.7 Summary | p. 34 |
Problems | p. 35 |
3 Thermodynamics and Fluid Flow in HVAC Applications | p. 39 |
3.1 Introduction | p. 39 |
3.2 Conservation of Mass | p. 39 |
3.3 Conservation of Energy | p. 41 |
3.4 Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Substances | p. 43 |
3.5 Thermodynamic Limits on Performance | p. 45 |
3.6 Thermodynamic Work Relations for Pure Substances | p. 47 |
3.7 Thermodynamic Relations for Fluid Flow | p. 48 |
3.8 Energy Loss Mechanisms in Fluid Flow | p. 54 |
3.9 Summary | p. 59 |
Problems | p. 59 |
4 Heat Transfer in HVAC Applications | p. 61 |
4.1 Introduction | p. 61 |
4.2 Conduction Heat Transfer | p. 61 |
4.3 Convection Heat Transfer | p. 67 |
4.4 Thermal Radiation Heat Transfer | p. 76 |
4.5 Transient Heat Transfer | p. 83 |
4.6 Combined-Mode Heat Transfer | p. 87 |
4.7 Summary | p. 923 |
Problems | p. 92 |
5 Psychrometries for HVAC Applications | p. 95 |
5.1 Introduction | p. 95 |
5.2 Moist Air Properties | p. 95 |
5.3 The Psychrometric Chart | p. 102 |
5.4 The Standard Atmosphere | p. 103 |
5.5 Determining Psychrometric Properties Using EES | p. 105 |
5.6 Psychrometric Applications | p. 109 |
5.7 Heat and Mass Transfer for Air-Water Vapor Mixtures | p. 126 |
5.8 Summary | p. 132 |
Problems | p. 133 |
6 Overview of HVAC Systems | p. 137 |
6.1 Introduction | p. 137 |
6.2 Overview of HVAC Systems and Components | p. 137 |
6.3 Energy Comparison Between CAV and VAV Systems | p. 144 |
6.4 HVAC System Performance Calculations | p. 145 |
6.5 ASHRAE Load Calculation Equations | p. 153 |
6.6 HVAC System Improvements and Alternatives | p. 156 |
6.7 Summary | p. 167 |
Problems | p. 167 |
7 Thermal Comfort and Air Quality | p. 171 |
7.1 Introduction | p. 171 |
7.2 Criteria for Occupant Comfort Inside Buildings | p. 171 |
7.3 Criteria for Indoor Air Quality | p. 179 |
7.4 Summary | p. 182 |
Problems | p. 183 |
8 Weather Data, Statistics, and Processing | p. 185 |
8.1 Introduction | p. 185 |
8.2 Design Temperature Parameters for HVAC Systems | p. 186 |
8.3 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Correlations | p. 190 |
8.4 Degree-Day Data and Correlations | p. 195 |
8.5 Bin Method Data | p. 200 |
8.6 Ground Temperature Correlations | p. 202 |
8.7 Solar Radiation Fundamentals | p. 205 |
8.8 Clear-Sky Solar Radiation | p. 213 |
8.9 Weather Records | p. 216 |
8.10 Summary | p. 219 |
Problems | p. 219 |
9 Components of Building Heat Loss and Gain | p. 221 |
9.1 Introduction | p. 221 |
9.2 Thermal Resistance and Conductance of Building Elements | p. 222 |
9.3 Heat Flow Through Opaque Exterior Surfaces | p. 225 |
12 Liquid Distribution Systems | p. 329 |
12.1 Introduction | p. 329 |
12.2 Head Loss and Pressure Drop in Liquid Distribution Systems | p. 329 |
12.3 Water Distribution Systems | p. 332 |
12.4 Steam Distribution Systems | p. 335 |
12.5 Pump Characteristics | p. 338 |
12.6 Heat Loss and Gain for Pipes | p. 340 |
12.7 Summary | p. 342 |
Problems | p. 342 |
13 Heat Exchangers for Heating and Cooling Applications | p. 345 |
13.1 Introduction | p. 345 |
13.2 Overall Heat Transfer Conductance | p. 347 |
13.3 Heat Exchanger Thermal Performance | p. 349 |
13.4 Heating Coil Selection Process | p. 355 |
13.5 Cooling Coil Processes | p. 361 |
13.6 Cooling Coil Performance Using a Heat Transfer Analogy | p. 362 |
13.7 Cooling Coil Selection Procedure | p. 368 |
13.8 Summary | p. 376 |
Problems | p. 376 |
14 Cooling Towers and Desiccant Dehumidification Systems | p. 379 |
14.1 Introduction | p. 379 |
14.2 Cooling Towers | p. 379 |
14.3 Cooling Tower Performance using an Analogy to Heat Transfer | p. 381 |
14.4 Cooling Tower Selection Procedure | p. 385 |
14.5 Desiccant Dehumidifiers | p. 388 |
14.6 Desiccant Dehumidification Systems | p. 393 |
14.7 Summary | p. 397 |
Problems | p. 398 |
15 Vapor Compression Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems | p. 401 |
15.1 Introduction | p. 401 |
15.2 Vapor Compression System | p. 401 |
15.3 Refrigerants | p. 407 |
15.4 Vapor Compression System Compressors | p. 412 |
15.5 Vapor Compression System Performance | p. 416 |
15.6 Alternative Vapor Compression System Concepts | p. 421 |
15.7 Summary | p. 429 |
Problems | p. 429 |
16 Heat Pump Systems | p. 433 |
16.1 Introduction | p. 433 |
16.2 Air Source Heat Pumps | p. 435 |
16.3 Ground Source Heat Pumps | p. 441 |
16.4 Water Loop Heat Pump Systems | p. 443 |
16.5 Summary | p. 444 |
Problems | p. 444 |
17 Thermal Storage Systems | p. 447 |
17.1 troduction | p. 447 |
17.2 Ice Storage Systems | p. 451 |
17.3 Chilled Water Storage Systems | p. 452 |
17.4 Cold Air Distribution Systems | p. 453 |
17.5 Building Thermal Storage | p. 454 |
17.6 Thermal Storage Control Strategies | p. 456 |
17.7 Performance Characteristics of Ice Storage Tanks | p. 460 |
17.8 Selection of Ice Storage Capacity | p. 466 |
17.9 Summary | p. 471 |
Problems | p. 471 |
20.1 Introduction | p. 523 |
20.2 Introduction to Optimal Operation of HVAC Systems | p. 525 |
20.3 Optimization Statement for All-Electric Cooling Plants Without Storage | p. 531 |
20.4 Model-based Optimization Procedure | p. 531 |
20.5 Quadratic Optimization Procedure | p. 533 |
20.6 Simplified Control Strategies for System Components | p. 536 |
20.7 Optimization Statement for All-Electric Cooling Plants with Storage | p. 544 |
20.8 Simplified Control Strategies for Systems with Storage | p. 545 |
20.9 Methods for Forecasting Building Loads | p. 548 |
20.10 Summary | p. 550 |
Problems | p. 551 |
21 Designing HVAC Systems | p. 555 |
21.1 Introduction | p. 555 |
21.2 Design Methodology | p. 555 |
21.3 Life-Cycle Cost | p. 562 |
21.4 Rules of Thumb | p. 564 |
21.5 Design Problems for the Students | p. 565 |
Problems | p. 566 |
Appendix A Thermal Property Values | p. 573 |
Appendix B Psychrometric Charts for Sea-Level Conditions | p. 575 |
Appendix C Wall and Roof Property Data | p. 577 |
References p. 583 | |
Nomenclature | p. 589 |
Index | p. 595 |