Supercritical fluid methods and protocols

Over the last 15 years, there has been renewed interest in supercritical fluids owing to their unique properties and relatively low environmental impact. Greatest attention has been given to the extraction and separation of organic compounds. Supercritical fluids have also been successfully used for particle production, as reaction media, and for the destruction of toxic waste. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been the most widely used supercritical fluid, mainly because it is cheap, relatively nontoxic, and has convenient critical values. Supercritical fluids have also been used on analytical and preparative scales for many biological and other applications. Many papers have been published on the use of supercritical fluids. However, few have acted as a detailed instruction manual for those wanting to use the techniques for the first time. We anticipate that this Methods in Biotechnology volume, Supercritical Fluid Methods and Protocols will s- isfy the need for such a book. Every chapter has been written by experienced workers and should, if closely followed, enable workers with some or no previous experience of supercritical fluids to conduct experiments successfully at the first attempt.

Anthony A. Clifford and John R. WilliamsJohn R. Dean and Ben Liu and Edwin LudkinJohn W. Pensabene and Walter FiddlerRobert J. Maxwell and Owen W. Parks and Roxanne J. Shadwell and Alan R. Lightfield and Carolyn Henry and Brenda S. FuerstMichael O. Gaylor and Robert C. HaleEila P. Jarvenpaa and Rainer HuopalahtiRainer Huopalahti and Eila P. JarvenpaaMaria L. Colombo and Andrea MossaFernando M. Lancas and Mario S. Galhiane and Sandra R. RissatoJose L. Bernal and Juan J. Jimenez and Maria T. MartinG. Kim StearmanPascal Kintz and Christian StaubEdward D. Ramsey and Brian Minty and Anthony T. ReesEdward D. Ramsey and Brian Minty and Anthony T. ReesKari Hartonen and Marja-Liisa RiekkolaFrancisco J. Senorans and Karin E. MarkidesMarcel Kohler and Werner Haerdi and Philippe Christen and Jean-Luc VeutheyMichael D. ColeKoji Yaku and Keiichi Aoe and Noriyuki Nishimura and Tadashi Sato and Fujio MorishitaMaria J. del Nozal and Laura Toribio and Jose L. Bernal and Maria L. SernaUrmila J. Dhorda and Viddesh R. Bari and M. SundaresanChristina Borch-Jensen and Magnus Magnussen and Jorgen MollerupRolf Marr and Harald Michor and Thomas Gamse and Helmut SchwabTeresa Correa de Sampaio and Susana BarreirosHidetaka NoritomiAlberto Bertucco and Paolo PalladoPaolo Alessi and Angelo Cortesi and Ireneo Kikic and Fabio CarliBrooks M. HybertsonJeffrey J. Morrell and Keith L. LevienJeffrey J. Morrell and Keith L. LevienDouglas BrayAnthony A. Clifford and Ricky L. Green

Preface	p. v
Contributors	p. xi
1 Introduction to Supercritical Fluids and Their Applications	p. 1
2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Caffeine from Instant Coffee	p. 17
3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Nitrosamines from Cured Meats	p. 23
4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Melengestrol Acetate from Bovine Fat Tissue	p. 31
5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Fish Tissue	p. 41
6 Isolation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Fish Products by Supercritical Fluid Extraction	p. 55
7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Mycotoxins from Feeds	p. 61
8 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pigments from Seeds of Eschscholtzia californica Cham.	p. 67
9 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Flumetralin from Tobacco Samples	p. 75
10 Supercritical Fluid Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination of Carbendazim in Bee Larvae	p. 83
11 Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled with Enzyme Immunoassay Analysis of Soil Herbicides	p. 89
12 The Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Drugs of Abuse from Human Hair	p. 95
13 Application of Direct Aqueous Supercritical Fluid Extraction for the Dynamic Recovery of Testosterone Liberated from the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Testosterone-[beta]-D-Glucuronide	p. 105
14 Analysis of Anabolic Drugs by Direct Aqueous Supercritical Fluid Extraction Coupled On-Line with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography	p. 113
15 Detection of Beta-Blockers in Urine and Serum by Solid-Phase Extraction--Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Gas Chromatography--Mass Spectrometry	p. 119
16 On-Line SFE-SFC for the Analysis of Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Other Lipids from Water Matrices	p. 127
17 Determination of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua L. by Off-Line Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Coupled to an Evaporative Light-Scattering Detector	p. 135
18 Analysis of Cannabis by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection	p. 145
19 Direct Chiral Resolution of Optical Isomers of Diltiazem Hydrochloride by Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatography	p. 149
20 Determination of Salbutamol Sulfate and Its Impurities in Pharmaceuticals by Supercritical Fluid Chromatography	p. 157
21 Packed Column Supercritical Fluid Chromatographic Determination of Acetaminophen, Propyphenazone, and Caffeine in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms	p. 163
22 Analysis of Shark Liver Oil by Thin-Layer and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography	p. 169
23 Enzymatically Catalyzed Transesterifications in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide	p. 175
24 Transesterification Reactions Catalyzed by Subtilisin Carlsberg Suspended in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and in Supercritical Ethane	p. 179
25 Enzymatic Synthesis of Peptide in Water-Miscible Organic Solvent/Supercritical Carbon Dioxide	p. 189
26 Micronization of a Polysaccharide by a Supercritical Antisolvent Technique	p. 193
27 Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions Technology: Production of Fine Particles of Steroid Drugs	p. 201
28 Supercritical Fluid Aerosolized Vitamin E Supplementation	p. 209
29 Extraction of Biologically Active Substances from Wood	p. 221
30 The Deposition of a Biocide in Wood-Based Material	p. 227
31 Critical Point Drying of Biological Specimens for Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 235
32 Staining of Fingerprints on Checks and Banknotes Using Ninhydrin	p. 245
Index	p. 251

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