Energy efficient buildings with solar and geothermal resources

This book will have a broad appeal reaching practising engineers in the industry as well as students. With introductory sections for each technology described, material includes chapters on: geothermal energy use for the heating and cooling of buildings; a chapter on electrically driven heat pumps/chillers; material on night radiative cooling, photovoltaic thermal collectors, temperature modelling and thin film photovoltaic modelling.

Includes general introductory sections for each technology with market potential and applications Covers an increasingly important component of energy courses Considers a broad range of alternative renewable energy supplies relevant to the building sector, such as geothermal energy with heat pump With a special focus on solar cooling, provides detailed physical models of all technologies and example calculations Unique in covering the fundamentals of meteorological modelling

Author Notes

Dr. Ursula Eicker, University of Applied Sciences, Stuttgart, Germany
Ursula is Professor of Building Physics at the HfT (Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences), and teaches a Master course in sustainable energy competence. She manages the advanced technical college's institute for applied research and the centre for applied research (sustainable energy technology). Ursula is a member of EnerBuild RTD (Research & Technological Development) and has delivered presentations on the research and development of mechanical heating and cooling on their behalf. She had material on desiccant cooling technology published in the proceedings of the ISE Solar World Congress in 2003, and her previous book ( Solar Technologies for Buildings , published by Wiley) is a recommended title on the Green Building engineering course at Canada's leading research-intensive university, Queens.
She recently won the opportunity to manage and coordinate POLYCITY, a project worth £47,500 that focuses on developing innovative solutions for using renewable energies within urban districts in three European countries.

Preface	p. ix
1 Energy consumption of buildings	p. 1
1.1 Residential buildings	p. 4
1.2 Office and administrative buildings	p. 6
1.3 Air conditioning	p. 9
1.4 Lighting electricity consumption	p. 13
1.5 Influence of the urban form on energy consumption of buildings	p. 15
1.6 Office buildings in an urban context	p. 17
1.7 Residential buildings in an urban context	p. 21
1.8 Site density effect	p. 23
1.9 Climate effect	p. 26
1.10 Albedo effects	p. 27
1.11 Thermal properties of the building envelope	p. 28
1.12 Solar gains and glazing	p. 29
1.13 Building typology and urban form	p. 31
1.14 Conclusions	p. 34
References	p. 35
2 Part A: Passive solar	p. 37
2.1 Passive solar use by glazing	p. 39
2.2 Transparent thermal insulation (TTI)	p. 45
2.3 Heat storage by interior building elements	p. 50
Part B Natural ventilation	p. 67
2.4 Analytical methods for volume-flow calculations	p. 73
2.5 Air flow network simulations	p. 79
2.6 Ventilation potentials	p. 83
2.7 Thermal comfort and energy savings in office rooms with controlled natural ventilation	p. 89
2.8 Weekly simulations with dynamic boundary conditions	p. 92
2.9 Natural single-sided ventilation with sliding windows	p. 93
2.10 Annual simulations	p. 96
Part C Daylighting of buildings	p. 101
2.11 Luminance and illuminance	p. 110
2.12 Visual performance and quality of lighting	p. 122
2.13 Light measurements	p. 126
2.14 Sky luminous intensity models	p. 127
2.15 Daylight distribution in interior spaces	p. 130
2.16 Calculation of daylight availability in buildings	p. 139
2.17 Standardisation and calculation methods	p. 142
2.18 Determination of needed artificial light sources	p. 146
References	p. 147
3 Solar and geothermal resource	p. 749
3.1 Extra-terrestrial solar irradiance	p. 151
3.2 Sun-Earth geometry	p. 154
3.3 Equator coordinates	p. 155
3.4 Horizon coordinates	p. 158
3.5 Atmospheric transmission and spectral irradiance	p. 762
3.6 Statistical production of hourly Irradiance data records	p. 769
3.7 Global irradiance and irradiance on inclined surfaces	p. 177
3.8 Shading	p. 183
3.9 Temperature time series modelling	p. 189
3.10 Geothermal resource	p. 196
References	p. 201
4 Solar thermal heating	p. 203
4.1 Markets and economics	p. 206
4.2 System overview	p. 209
4.3 Systems engineering	p. 217
4.4 Large solar plants for heating drinking water with short-term stores	p. 232
4.5 Solar district heating	p. 239
4.6 Modelling of thermal collectors	p. 244
4.7 Storage modelling	p. 269
4.8 Solar air collectors	p. 277
4.9 Calculation of the available thermal power of solar air collectors	p. 281
4.10 Design of the air circuit	p. 293
References	p. 296
5 Solar cooling	p. 297
5.1 Introduction to the technologies	p. 300
5.2 Technology trends	p. 302
5.3 The absorption cooling process and its components	p. 307
5.4 Components of absorption chillers	p. 311
5.5 Physical principles of the absorption process	p. 313
5.6 Energy balances and performance figures of an absorption chiller	p. 324
5.7 Static absorption cooling model	p. 335
5.8 Parameter Identification for the static absorption cooling machine model	p. 340
5.9 Open cycle desiccant cooling	p. 343
5.10 Physical and technological bases of sorption-supported air conditioning	p. 347
5.11 The technology of heat recovery	p. 359
5.12 Technology humidifier	p. 368
5.13 Design limits and climatic boundary conditions	p. 372
5.14 Energy balance of sorption-supported air conditioning	p. 375
5.15 Closed cycle adsorption cooling	p. 380
5.16 Heat rejection and auxiliary electricity consumption	p. 395
References	p. 477
6 Geothermal heating and cooling	p. 479
6.1 Direct geothermal energy use for cooling and preheating of buildings	p. 423
6.2 Indirect geothermal energy use	p. 433
6.3 Geothermal heat exchangers for chiller heat rejection	p. 437
6.4 Modeling of geothermal heat exchangers	p. 439
6.5 Economics of geothermal heat exchangers	p. 451
6.6 Performance summary on geothermal heat exchangers	p. 455
References	p. 458
7 Photovoltaic*	p. 459
7.1 Structure of grid connected systems	p. 461
7.2 Solar cell technologies	p. 463
7.3 Module technology	p. 464
7.4 Building Integration and costs	p. 464
7.5 Energy production and the performance ratio of PV systems	p. 466
7.6 Physical fundamentals of solar electricity production	p. 467
7.7 Current-voltage characteristics	p. 471
7.8 PV performance with shading	p. 495
7.9 Simple temperature model for PV modules	p. 498
7.10 Systems engineering	p. 500
References	p. 512
8 Compression chillers and heat pumps	p. 513
8.1 Overview of heat pump and chiller technologies	p. 515
8.2 Energy efficiency of heat pumps and chillers	p. 518
8.3 Heat pump and compression chiller modelling	p. 522
8.4 Case studies for photovoltaic compression versus thermal cooling	p. 535
8.5 Conclusions on case studies for photovoltaic and thermal cooling	p. 553
References	p. 554
9 Thermal analysis of building-integrated solar components	p. 555
9.1 Empirical thermal model of building-integrated photovoltaic	p. 561
9.2 Energy balance and stationary thermal model of ventilated double facades	p. 563
9.3 Heat transfer coefficients for the interior and facade air gap	p. 567
9.4 Bull ding-integrated solar components (U and g values)	p. 570
9.5 Warm-air generation by photovoltaic facades	p. 573
9.6 Photovoltaic thermal collectors for heating and cooling generation	p. 576
References	p. 585
Index	p. 587

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Table of Contents