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Summary
Summary
Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.
Design High-Performance Alternative Energy Systems for Buildings
A comprehensive reference for architects and engineers, this GreenSource book provides practical design and installation guidelines for some of the most commercially viable alternative energy technologies. Construction materials, system deployment, typical installations, and environmental impact are covered.
Alternative Energy Systems in Building Design includes information on LEED design, energy conservation, and solar power financing and return on investment. Power purchase agreements (PPAs) and national and international carbon cap and trade are also discussed. Valuable appendices contain detailed design data tables and certified equipment listings.
Alternative Energy Systems in Building Design covers:
Solar power system physics and technologies California solar initiative program Energy conservation Passive heating solar technologies Fuel cell technology Wind energy technologies Ocean energy technologies Hydroelectric and micro-hydro turbine power Geothermal energy Biofuel, biogas, and thermal depolymerization technologies Fission- and fusion-type nuclear power Air pollution abatementAuthor Notes
Peter Gevorkian, Ph.D., P.E. is president of Vector Delta DesignGroup, Inc., an electrical engineering and solar power design consulting firm. He is theauthor of Sustainable Energy Systems in Architectural Design, Sustainable Energy Systems Engineering , and Solar Power in Building Design.
Table of Contents
Introduction | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Disclaimer Note | p. xix |
Chapter 1 Global Warming: Climatic and Atmospheric Changes | p. 1 |
Climate Change Factors | p. 1 |
Variations within the Earth's Climate | p. 1 |
Natural Factors Driving Climate Change | p. 2 |
The Memory of Climate | p. 6 |
Human Influences on Climate Change | p. 6 |
The Transition of Various Forms of Sequestered Solar Energy Use and Their Effect on Societies | p. 9 |
Industrial Sources of Atmospheric Pollution | p. 12 |
The Little Ice Age | p. 15 |
Chapter 2 Energy Systems | p. 19 |
Conservation of Energy | p. 19 |
The Concept of Energy in Various Scientific Fields | p. 19 |
Chapter 3 Solar Power System Physics and Technologies | p. 23 |
Brief History of the Photoelectric Phenomenon | p. 23 |
Solar Cell Physics | p. 26 |
Solar Cell Electronics | p. 30 |
Solar Cell Manufacturing and Packaging Technologies | p. 30 |
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells | p. 34 |
Multijunction PV Cells | p. 40 |
Polymer Solar Cells | p. 42 |
Concentrators | p. 43 |
Solar Panel Arrays | p. 44 |
Solar Power System Components | p. 44 |
Crystalline, Amorphous, Thin-Film, and Sun-Tracker Technologies | p. 51 |
Solar Power System Design | p. 69 |
Storage Battery Technologies | p. 77 |
Solar Power System Configurations | p. 86 |
Ground-Mounted PV Module Installation and Support | p. 97 |
Roof-Mounted Installations | p. 98 |
Electrical Shock Hazard and Safety Considerations | p. 100 |
Solar Tracking Systems | p. 103 |
Field Safety Recommendations | p. 106 |
Solar Power System Maintenance | p. 107 |
Troubleshooting | p. 108 |
Solar Power System Warning Signage | p. 109 |
PV System Design Guidelines | p. 110 |
Solar Power System Design Considerations | p. 111 |
Solar Power Rebate Application Procedure | p. 124 |
Solar Power System Deployment | p. 126 |
Economics of Solar Power Systems | p. 139 |
Special Note | p. 155 |
Chapter 4 California Solar Initiative Program | p. 157 |
CSI Fund Distribution | p. 158 |
CSI Power-Generation Targets | p. 158 |
Incentive Payment Structure | p. 159 |
Expected Performance-Based Buydown (EPBB) | p. 160 |
Performance-Based Incentive (PBI) | p. 161 |
Host Customer | p. 161 |
Solar Power Contractors and Equipment Sellers | p. 162 |
PV System Sizing Requirements | p. 163 |
Energy-Efficiency Audit | p. 163 |
Warranty and Performance Permanency Requirements | p. 164 |
Insurance | p. 164 |
Grid Interconnection and Metering Requirements | p. 165 |
Inspection | p. 165 |
CSI Limitations | p. 165 |
CSI Reservation Steps | p. 166 |
Incentive Payments | p. 168 |
Equipment Distributors | p. 168 |
Special Funding for Affordable Housing Projects | p. 169 |
Special Funding for Public and Charter Schools | p. 169 |
Principal Types of Municipal Leases | p. 169 |
Chapter 5 Energy Conservation | p. 173 |
Energy-Saving Measures | p. 173 |
Power-Factor Correction | p. 177 |
Electric Power Generation and Distribution | p. 178 |
Computerized Lighting Control | p. 180 |
California Title 24 Electric Energy Compliance | p. 186 |
Demand-Side Energy Management and Control | p. 195 |
LEED-Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design | p. 203 |
State of California Green Building Action Plan | p. 204 |
LEED | p. 206 |
Chapter 6 Passive Solar Heating Technologies | p. 223 |
Passive Solar Water Heating | p. 223 |
Concentrator Solar Technologies | p. 233 |
Solar Cooling and Air-Conditioning | p. 236 |
Direct Solar Power Generation | p. 240 |
Innovations in Passive Solar Power Technology | p. 241 |
Chapter 7 Fuel Cell Technology | p. 245 |
Fuel Cell Design | p. 245 |
Fuel Cell Application | p. 251 |
Fuel Cells as Alternatives to Internal Combustion Fuels | p. 259 |
Hydrogen Economy | p. 260 |
Chapter 8 Wind Energy Technologies | p. 267 |
History of Wind Power | p. 267 |
Wind Power Generation | p. 268 |
Wind Power Management | p. 268 |
Betz' Law of Fluid Dynamics | p. 271 |
Structural Considerations | p. 274 |
Basics of Wind Turbine Operation | p. 276 |
Wind Turbine Energy Economics | p. 279 |
Chapter 9 Ocean Energy Technologies | p. 287 |
Tidal Power | p. 287 |
Tidal Physics: Effects of the Terrestrial Centrifugal Force | p. 287 |
Tidal Power Generation | p. 288 |
Current Tidal Generation Technologies | p. 292 |
Marine-Current Turbine Technologies | p. 300 |
Some Interesting Oceanic Technologies | p. 303 |
Chapter 10 Hydroelectric and Micro-Hydro Turbine Power | p. 307 |
Hydroelectric Power Plants | p. 307 |
Environmental Effects of Hydroelectric Power | p. 309 |
Hydroelectric Power Technology | p. 312 |
Classification of Hydropower Energy Facilities | p. 313 |
Hydroelectric Plant Equipment | p. 313 |
Case Studies of Hydroelectric Power Plants | p. 315 |
Micro-Hydropower Generation | p. 323 |
Chapter 11 Geothermal Energy | p. 333 |
Thermal Power Extraction Potential | p. 334 |
Geothermal Technologies | p. 335 |
Geothermal Potential | p. 337 |
Cost of Geothermal Energy and Economics | p. 339 |
Geothermal Case Study in an Air-Conditioning Application | p. 341 |
Ocean Thermal Energy | p. 344 |
Chapter 12 Biofuel, Biogas, and Thermal Depolymerization Technologies | p. 345 |
History | p. 345 |
Chemical Composition | p. 346 |
Origins of Biomass | p. 346 |
Biomass Energy Potential | p. 347 |
Energy Value of Biomass | p. 348 |
Benefits of Biomass Energy | p. 348 |
Microturbine Generators | p. 350 |
Landfill, Wastewater Treatment, and Plant Biogas Generators | p. 353 |
Hot Water and Generators | p. 356 |
Economic Benefits of Using Landfill Gas | p. 357 |
Environmental Benefits of Using Landfill Gas | p. 357 |
Case Study of Successful Application of Microgenerator Technology | p. 357 |
Cal Poly Biogas Case Study | p. 360 |
Biomass Energy | p. 362 |
Biofuels and Thermal Depolymerization | p. 362 |
Biomass Energy Implementation | p. 365 |
Carbon Black | p. 366 |
Gasification Process | p. 367 |
Biopower | p. 368 |
Bioproducts | p. 369 |
Some Interesting Facts about Bioenergy | p. 370 |
Biodiesel | p. 371 |
Chapter 13 Fission- and Fusion-Type Nuclear Power | p. 375 |
Properties of Uranium | p. 375 |
Nuclear Fission Power Plant | p. 377 |
Construction of a Nuclear Power Plant | p. 378 |
Subcriticality, Criticality, and Supercriticality | p. 378 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fission Nuclear Reactors | p. 378 |
Effects of Nuclear Radiation | p. 379 |
Radioactive Decay | p. 380 |
Radiation Danger | p. 381 |
Nuclear Radiation Accidents | p. 381 |
Case Study: San Onofre | p. 383 |
Canadian CANDU Reactor | p. 384 |
Pebble-Bed Reactor | p. 387 |
Hyperion Nuclear Power Reactor | p. 389 |
Fusion Reactors | p. 394 |
Fusion as a Future Energy Source | p. 401 |
Future Fusion-Reactor Research and Development | p. 403 |
Chapter 14 Air Pollution Abatement | p. 405 |
Effects of Pollution on Human and Animal Life | p. 406 |
Pollution-Abatement Equipment | p. 407 |
Emerging Future Technologies: Bioreactors | p. 415 |
Groundwater Replenishment System | p. 415 |
Chapter 15 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Carbon Trading Economics | p. 421 |
Chemical and Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide | p. 421 |
Carbon Dioxide Production | p. 422 |
Industrial Production of Carbon Dioxide | p. 423 |
Industrial Uses of Carbon Dioxide | p. 423 |
Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis | p. 423 |
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Ocean Waters and Aquatic Life | p. 424 |
Pesticides and Plastics | p. 424 |
Carbon Dioxide in the Oil and Chemical Industries | p. 425 |
Role of Carbon Dioxide in Human Physiology | p. 425 |
Carbon Dioxide Use in the Production of Ammonia and Fertilizer | p. 425 |
Carbon Credits | p. 426 |
Economics of Global Warming | p. 428 |
Disagreement and Criticisms of the Kyoto Protocol | p. 430 |
Appendix A Unit Conversion and Design Reference Tables | p. 433 |
Appendix B Photo Gallery | p. 475 |
Appendix C Historical Time Line of Solar Energy | p. 485 |
Appendix D Glossary of Renewable Energy Power Systems | p. 493 |
Bibliography | p. 503 |
Index | p. 505 |