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Summary
Summary
Sustainable tourism is not a static target, but a dynamic process of change, a transition. This book considers how monitoring using indicators can assist tourism to make such a sustainability transition. It encourages the reader to view tourism from a broad, interdisciplinary perspective and draws on material from a wide range of sources. The book explains why monitoring is important for different groups of stakeholders; public and private sector, NGOs and communities. It also examines important monitoring considerations such as what and where to measure, how much will monitoring cost and how the data can be presented. The book puts particular emphasis on indicator use and implementation. It highlights the process and techniques to develop and use indicators and then provides clear and detailed examples of monitoring in practice around the globe at different geographic scales.
Table of Contents
Contributors | p. xi |
Acknowledgements | p. xv |
List of Boxes | p. xvii |
List of Figures | p. xxi |
List of Abbreviations | p. xxiii |
Foreword | p. xxvii |
Introduction | p. xxix |
Part I Introduction to Sustainability | p. 1 |
Chapter 1 Sustainable Development | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Historical Context | p. 4 |
Conservation and environmentalism | p. 4 |
Development debate | p. 5 |
From Rio to Johannesburg | p. 7 |
Sustainability Revised | p. 8 |
Complex adaptive systems | p. 10 |
Global change | p. 13 |
Applications for sustainable development | p. 15 |
Sustainability Science | p. 17 |
Adaptive management | p. 19 |
Stakeholder participation | p. 21 |
Monitoring | p. 23 |
Summary | p. 25 |
Chapter 2 Sustainable Tourism | p. 27 |
Introduction | p. 27 |
Historical Context | p. 28 |
Advocacy | p. 28 |
Cautionary | p. 29 |
Alternative | p. 31 |
Knowledge-based | p. 33 |
Current Conceptualization of Sustainable Tourism | p. 35 |
Sectoral scale | p. 35 |
Spatial scale | p. 37 |
Temporal scale | p. 41 |
Reconceptualizing Sustainable Tourism | p. 43 |
Comprehensive approach | p. 43 |
Stakeholder-driven | p. 45 |
Adaptive | p. 46 |
Summary | p. 47 |
Part II Motivations for Monitoring | p. 51 |
Chapter 3 Private Sector Drivers | p. 53 |
Introduction | p. 53 |
Does Industry Have a Moral Responsibility to Promote Sustainability? | p. 54 |
Is There a Business Case for Sustainability? | p. 59 |
Consumers | p. 60 |
Technological development | p. 64 |
Public relations benefits | p. 66 |
Ecoefficiency | p. 67 |
Improve market conditions | p. 69 |
The Role of the Finance Industry in Promoting Sustainability | p. 70 |
Summary | p. 76 |
Chapter 4 Public Sector Drivers | p. 79 |
Introduction | p. 79 |
How does Monitoring Assist Government? | p. 79 |
Improve understanding | p. 81 |
Track progress | p. 82 |
Initiate dialogue | p. 83 |
Develop partnerships | p. 84 |
Effect on policy | p. 85 |
How does Monitoring Assist NGOs? | p. 86 |
Conducting assessment | p. 88 |
Advocacy and campaigning | p. 89 |
Resisting criticism | p. 90 |
How does Monitoring Assist Communities? | p. 92 |
Who are the community? | p. 92 |
Limits to community involvement | p. 94 |
Enabling community involvement | p. 99 |
Summary | p. 101 |
Part III Monitoring Process | p. 105 |
Chapter 5 Monitoring Using Indicators | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 107 |
Origins of Monitoring | p. 108 |
Monitoring in a tourism context | p. 110 |
Indicator Considerations | p. 113 |
What to measure | p. 113 |
What type of indicators? | p. 114 |
How to organize indicators | p. 116 |
Where to measure | p. 118 |
How much does it cost? | p. 121 |
How is the data presented? | p. 122 |
Evaluation | p. 125 |
Summary | p. 126 |
Chapter 6 Developing Indicators | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Planning for Indicator Development | p. 130 |
Phases of development | p. 130 |
Arrangements for stakeholder participation | p. 134 |
Scoping Issues | p. 137 |
Secondary sources | p. 138 |
Community visioning | p. 139 |
Analysis of key issues | p. 142 |
Identifying Indicators | p. 143 |
Developing an indicator long list | p. 143 |
Screening indicators | p. 144 |
Summary | p. 150 |
Chapter 7 Implementing Monitoring Systems | p. 151 |
Introduction | p. 151 |
Piloting Indicators | p. 152 |
Indicator fine-tuning | p. 152 |
Data collection | p. 153 |
Interpreting Results | p. 155 |
Benchmarking | p. 157 |
Indices and aggregation | p. 160 |
Communication | p. 163 |
Indicator Use | p. 165 |
Implementation framework | p. 166 |
Management response strategy | p. 167 |
Review and evaluation | p. 170 |
Maintaining the Monitoring Programme | p. 171 |
Summary | p. 172 |
Part IV Introduction to Case Studies | p. 175 |
Chapter 8 The World Tourism Organization | p. 177 |
Introduction | p. 177 |
Background to WTO Monitoring | p. 178 |
Indicator Development Process | p. 180 |
WTO Indicators | p. 183 |
WTO Implementation: Cases | p. 189 |
Beruwala, Sri Lanka | p. 190 |
Kukljica, Croatia | p. 194 |
Evaluation | p. 195 |
Summary | p. 199 |
Chapter 9 Tourism Optimization Management Model | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
Background | p. 202 |
The TOMM Project | p. 203 |
The TOMM Development Process | p. 205 |
Context analysis | p. 206 |
Monitoring programme | p. 209 |
Management response system | p. 214 |
TOMM Results | p. 218 |
TOMM Implementation | p. 219 |
Institutional arrangements and management structure | p. 219 |
Funding | p. 221 |
Evaluation | p. 223 |
Committing to ongoing integration of data | p. 224 |
Creating and maintaining awareness | p. 225 |
Creating opportunities for the development of skills capacity and social capital | p. 226 |
Lessons Learned | p. 227 |
Summary | p. 227 |
Chapter 10 Samoa Sustainable Tourism Indicator Project | p. 233 |
Introduction | p. 233 |
Context | p. 234 |
The South Pacific | p. 234 |
Samoa | p. 235 |
Indicator Project | p. 239 |
PAC | p. 239 |
Sustainable tourism in a Samoan context | p. 241 |
Samoan-style indicators | p. 244 |
Results of Samoa monitoring | p. 250 |
Evaluation and Review | p. 253 |
Process | p. 253 |
Indicators | p. 254 |
Outcomes | p. 255 |
Current status | p. 256 |
Lessons Learned | p. 256 |
Summary | p. 258 |
Chapter 11 The Tour Operators' Initiative for Sustainable Development | p. 261 |
Introduction | p. 261 |
Background to the Scheme | p. 262 |
Development of the Scheme | p. 265 |
Product management and development | p. 266 |
Internal management | p. 268 |
Supply chain management | p. 270 |
Customer relations | p. 273 |
Cooperation with destinations | p. 275 |
Implementation and Evaluation | p. 276 |
Summary | p. 279 |
Acknowledgements | p. 280 |
Conclusion | p. 281 |
Commentary on Guiding Principles | p. 282 |
Discussion of Monitoring and Indicators | p. 286 |
Further Avenues to Explore | p. 288 |
Final Summary | p. 290 |
References | p. 293 |
Index | p. 321 |