Power-switching converters : medium and high power

Title:

Personal Author:

Neacsu, Dorin O

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, FL : CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006

ISBN:

9780824726256

Subject Term:

Electric current converters

Switching power supplies

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010104931	TK7872.C8 N42 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010145177	TK7872.C8 N42 2006	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Power converters are at the heart of modern power electronics. From automotive power systems to propulsion for large ships, their use permeates through industrial, commercial, military, and aerospace applications of various scales. Having reached a point of saturation where we are unlikely to see many new and revolutionary technologies, industry now seeks to optimize and standardize the performance of these devices. Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power examines the characteristics and operating principles of these systems in terms of how to increase their efficiency and produce them at lower cost.

This book begins with an introduction to the field, placing the technology in its business context to highlight the current trends and issues facing the modern power engineer. The remainder of the book provides a detailed examination of three-phase power switching converters, including the various problems and solutions involved in different applications. It discusses high-power semiconductor devices, pulse-width modulation (PWM) principles and algorithms for various implementations, closed-loop current control, component-minimized topologies, power grid interface, parallel and interleaved power converters, and practical aspects such as protection and thermal management.

Filling the gap between textbooks and technical papers, Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power offers practical solutions to current industrial demands with a focus on the particular business needs of performance quality and cost efficiency. It also serves as an excellent textbook for graduate study.

Chapter 1 Introduction to Medium- and High-Power Switching Converters	p. 1
1.1 Market for Medium- and High-Power Converters	p. 1
1.2 Adjustable Speed Drives	p. 6
1.2.1 AC/DC Converter	p. 6
1.2.2 Intermediate Circuit	p. 7
1.2.3 DC Capacitor Bank	p. 8
1.2.4 Soft-Charge Circuit	p. 8
1.2.5 DC Reactor	p. 9
1.2.6 Brake Circuit	p. 9
1.2.7 Three-Phase Inverter	p. 10
1.2.8 Protection Circuits	p. 10
1.2.9 Sensors	p. 10
1.2.10 Motor Connection	p. 10
1.2.11 Controller	p. 11
1.3 Grid Interfaces or Distributed Generation	p. 12
1.3.1 Grid Harmonics	p. 13
1.3.2 Power Factor	p. 13
1.3.3 DC Current Injection	p. 13
1.3.4 Electro-Magnetic Compatibility and Electro-Magnetic Inference	p. 14
1.3.5 Frequency and Voltage Variations	p. 15
1.3.6 Maximum Power Connected at Low-Voltage Grid	p. 15
1.4 Multi-Converter Power Electronic Systems	p. 16
1.5 Conclusion	p. 17
References	p. 17
Chapter 2 High-Power Semiconductor Devices	p. 19
2.1 A View of the Power Semiconductor Market	p. 19
2.2 Power MOSFETs	p. 21
2.2.1 Operation	p. 21
2.2.2 Control	p. 26
2.3 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors	p. 27
2.3.1 Operation	p. 27
2.3.2 Control, Gate-Drivers	p. 28
2.3.3 Protection	p. 30
2.3.4 Power Loss Estimation	p. 31
2.3.5 Active Gate-Drivers	p. 33
2.4 Gate Turn-Off Thyristors	p. 36
2.5 Advanced Power Devices	p. 36
2.6 Problems	p. 37
References	p. 37
Chapter 3 Basic Three-Phase Inverters	p. 39
3.1 High-Power Devices Operated as Simple Switches	p. 39
3.2 Inverter Leg with Inductive Load Operation	p. 40
3.3 What Is a PWM Algorithm?	p. 41
3.4 Basic Three-Phase Voltage Source Inverter: Operation and Functions	p. 44
3.5 Performance Indices: Definitions and Terms Used in Different Countries	p. 49
3.5.1 Frequency Analysis	p. 49
3.5.2 Modulation Index for Three-Phase Converters	p. 55
3.5.3 Performance Indices	p. 55
3.5.3.1 Content in Fundamental (z)	p. 55
3.5.3.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Coefficient	p. 55
3.5.3.3 Harmonic Current Factor (HCF)	p. 55
3.5.3.4 Current Distortion Factor	p. 57
3.6 Direct Calculation of Harmonic Spectrum from Inverter Waveforms	p. 57
3.6.1 Decomposition in Quasi-Rectangular Waveforms	p. 58
3.6.2 Vectorial Method	p. 59
3.7 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverters	p. 60
3.7.1 Preprogrammed PWM for Single-Phase Inverter	p. 61
3.7.2 Preprogrammed PWM for Three-Phase Inverter	p. 64
3.7.3 Binary-Programmed PWM	p. 66
3.8 Modeling a Three-Phase Inverter with Switching Functions	p. 67
3.9 Braking Leg in Power Converters for Motor Drives	p. 68
3.10 DC Bus Capacitor within an AC/DC/AC Power Converter	p. 69
3.11 Conclusion	p. 72
3.12 Problems	p. 72
References	p. 73
Chapter 4 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation and Operation Limits	p. 75
4.1 Carrier-Based Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms: Historical Importance	p. 75
4.2 Carrier-Based PWM Algorithms with Improved Reference	p. 77
4.3 PWM Used within Volt/Hertz Drives: Choice of Number of Pulses Based on the Desired Current Harmonic Factor	p. 83
4.3.1 Operation in the Low-Frequencies Range (Below Nominal Frequency)	p. 84
4.3.2 High Frequencies (> 60 Hz)	p. 86
4.4 Implementation of Harmonic Reduction with Carrier PWM	p. 86
4.5 Limits of Operation: Minimum Pulse Width	p. 89
4.5.1 Avoiding Pulse Dropping by Harmonic Injection	p. 95
4.6 Limits of Operation	p. 101
4.6.1 Deadtime	p. 101
4.6.2 Zero Current Clamping	p. 105
4.6.3 Overmodulation	p. 106
4.6.3.1 Voltage Gain Linearization	p. 107
4.7 Conclusion	p. 108
4.8 Problems	p. 109
References	p. 109
Chapter 5 Vectorial Pulse Width Modulation for Basic Three-Phase Inverters	p. 113
5.1 Review of Space Vector Theory	p. 113
5.1.1 History and Evolution of the Concept	p. 113
5.1.2 Theory: Vectorial Transforms and Advantages	p. 114
5.1.2.1 Clarke Transform	p. 116
5.1.2.2 Park Transform	p. 117
5.1.3 Application to Three-Phase Control Systems	p. 118
5.2 Vectorial Analysis of the Three-Phase Inverter	p. 119
5.2.1 Mathematical Derivation of the Current Space Vector Trajectory in the Complex Plane for Six-Step Operation (with Resistive and Resistive-Inductive Loads)	p. 119
5.2.2 Definition of Flux of a (Voltage) Vector and Ideal Flux Trajectory	p. 124
5.3 SVM Theory: Derivation of the Time Intervals Associated to the Active and Zero States by Averaging	p. 126
5.4 Adaptive SVM: DC Ripple Compensation	p. 128
5.5 Link to Vector Control: Different Forms and Expressions of Time Interval Equations in the (d,q) Coordinate System	p. 129
5.6 Definition of the Switching Reference Function	p. 132
5.7 Definition of the Switching Sequence	p. 135
5.7.1 Continuous Reference Function: Different Methods	p. 135
5.7.1.1 Direct-Inverse SVM	p. 135
5.7.2 Discontinuous Reference Function for Reduced Switching Loss	p. 138
5.8 Comparison between Different Vectorial PWM	p. 141
5.8.1 Loss Performance	p. 141
5.8.2 Comparison of Total Harmonic Distortion/HCF	p. 141
5.9 Overmodulation for SVM	p. 143
5.10 Volt-per-Hertz Control of PWM Inverters	p. 144
5.10.1 Low-Frequencies Operation Mode	p. 146
5.10.2 High-Frequency Operation Mode	p. 147
5.11 Conclusion	p. 150
5.12 Problems	p. 150
References	p. 151
Chapter 6 Practical Aspects in Building Three-Phase Power Converters	p. 155
6.1 Selection of the Power Devices in a Three-Phase Inverter	p. 155
6.1.1 Motor Drives	p. 155
6.1.1.1 Load Characteristics	p. 155
6.1.1.2 Maximum Current Available	p. 155
6.1.1.3 Maximum Apparent Power	p. 155
6.1.1.4 Maximum Active (Load) Power	p. 155
6.1.2 Grid Applications	p. 156
6.2 Protection	p. 156
6.2.1 Overcurrent	p. 156
6.2.2 Fuses	p. 159
6.2.3 Overtemperature	p. 162
6.2.4 Overvoltage	p. 162
6.2.5 Snubber Circuits	p. 163
6.2.5.1 Theory	p. 163
6.2.5.2 Component Selection	p. 167
6.2.5.3 Undeland Snubber Circuit	p. 168
6.2.5.4 Regenerative Snubber Circuits for Very Large Power	p. 168
6.2.5.5 Resonant Snubbers	p. 169
6.2.5.6 Active Snubbering	p. 172
6.2.6 Gate Driver Faults	p. 173
6.3 System Protection Management	p. 173
6.4 Reduction of Common-Mode EMI through Inverter Techniques	p. 173
6.5 Typical Building Structures of Conventional Inverters Depending on Power Level	p. 177
6.5.1 Packages for Power Semiconductor Devices	p. 177
6.5.2 Converter Packaging	p. 179
6.6 Thermal Management	p. 180
6.6.1 Transient Thermal Impedance	p. 182
6.7 Conclusion	p. 183
6.8 Problems	p. 184
References	p. 185
Chapter 7 Implementation of Pulse Width Modulation Algorithms	p. 187
7.1 Analog Pulse Width Modulation Controllers	p. 187
7.2 Mixed-Mode Motor Controller ICs	p. 188
7.3 Digital Structures with Counters: FPGA Implementation	p. 190
7.3.1 Principle of Digital PWM Controllers	p. 190
7.3.2 Bus Compatible Digital PWM Interfaces	p. 192
7.3.3 FPGA Implementation of Space Vector Modulation Controllers	p. 192
7.3.4 Deadtime Digital Controllers	p. 196
7.4 Markets for General-Purpose and Dedicated Digital Processors	p. 197
7.4.1 History of Using Microprocessors/Microcontrollers in Power Converter Control	p. 197
7.4.2 DSPs Used in Power Converter Control	p. 200
7.4.3 Parallel Processing in Multi-Processor Structures	p. 202
7.5 Software Implementation in Low-Cost Microcontrollers	p. 203
7.5.1 Software Manipulation of Counter Timing	p. 203
7.5.2 Calculation of Time Interval Constants	p. 204
7.6 Microcontrollers with Power Converter Interfaces	p. 209
7.7 Motor Control Co-Processors	p. 210
7.8 Using the Event Manager within Texas Instrument's DSPs	p. 210
7.8.1 Event Manager Structure	p. 210
7.8.2 Software Implementation of Carrier-Based PWM	p. 211
7.8.3 Software Implementation of SVM	p. 212
7.8.4 Hardware Implementation of SVM	p. 213
7.8.5 Deadtime	p. 215
7.8.6 Individual PWM Channels	p. 216
7.9 Conclusion	p. 216
References	p. 216
Chapter 8 Practical Aspects of Implementing Closed-Loop Current Control	p. 219
8.1 Role and Schematics	p. 219
8.2 Current Measurement: Synchronization with Pulse Width Modulation	p. 219
8.2.1 Shunt Resistor	p. 219
8.2.2 Hall-Effect Sensors	p. 221
8.2.3 Current-Sensing Transformer	p. 222
8.2.4 Synchronization with PWM	p. 222
8.3 Current Sampling Rate: Oversampling	p. 222
8.4 Current Control in (a,b,c) Coordinates	p. 224
8.5 Current Transforms (3-> 2): Software Calculation of Transforms	p. 225
8.6 Current Control in (d,q) Models: PI Calibration	p. 226
8.7 Antiwind-Up Protection: Output Limitation and Range Definition	p. 228
8.8 Conclusion	p. 229
References	p. 229
Chapter 9 Resonant Three-Phase Converters	p. 231
9.1 Reducing Switching Losses through Resonance vs. Advanced Pulse Width Modulation Devices	p. 231
9.2 Do We Still Get Advantages from Resonant High-Power Converters?	p. 234
9.3 Zero Voltage Transition of IGBT Devices	p. 237
9.3.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Voltage Switching	p. 237
9.3.2 Step-Down Conversion	p. 240
9.3.3 Step-Up Power Transfer	p. 245
9.3.4 Bi-Directional Power Transfer	p. 247
9.4 Zero Current Transition of IGBT Devices	p. 249
9.4.1 Power Semiconductor Devices under Zero Current Switching	p. 249
9.4.2 Step-Down Conversion	p. 252
9.4.3 Step-Up Conversion	p. 255
9.5 Possible Topologies of Quasi-Resonant Converters	p. 258
9.5.1 Pole Voltage	p. 258
9.5.2 Resonant DC Bus	p. 258
9.6 Special PWM for Three-Phase Resonant Converters	p. 260
9.7 Problems	p. 261
References	p. 261
Chapter 10 Component-Minimized Three-Phase Power Converters	p. 263
10.1 Solutions for Reduction of Number of Components	p. 263
10.1.1 New Inverter Topologies	p. 263
10.1.2 Direct Converters	p. 267
10.2 Generalized Vector Transform	p. 272
10.3 Vectorial Analysis of the B4 Inverter	p. 276
10.4 Definition of PWM Algorithms for the B4 Inverter	p. 281
10.4.1 Method 1	p. 281
10.4.2 Method 2	p. 282
10.4.3 Comparative Results	p. 282
10.5 Influence of DC Voltage Variations and Method for Their Compensation	p. 284
10.6 Two-Leg Converter Used in Feeding a Two-Phase Induction Machine	p. 285
10.7 Conclusion	p. 286
10.8 Problems	p. 287
References	p. 287
Chapter 11 AC/DC Grid Interface Based on the Three-Phase Voltage Source Converter	p. 291
11.1 Particularities, Control Objectives, and Active Power Control	p. 291
11.2 PWM in the Control System	p. 294
11.2.1 Single-Switch Applications	p. 294
11.2.2 Six-Switch Converters	p. 307
11.3 Closed-Loop Current Control Methods	p. 310
11.3.1 Introduction	p. 310
11.3.2 PI Current Loop	p. 311
11.3.3 Transient Response Times	p. 312
11.3.4 Limitation of the (v[subscript d], v[subscript q]) Voltages	p. 313
11.3.5 Minimum Time Current Control	p. 314
11.3.6 Cross-Coupling Terms	p. 314
11.3.7 Application of the Whole Available Voltage on the d-Axis	p. 316
11.3.8 Switch Table and Hysteresis Control	p. 318
11.3.9 Phase Current Tracking Methods	p. 319
11.4 Grid Synchronization	p. 325
11.6 Problems	p. 327
References	p. 328
Chapter 12 Parallel and Interleaved Power Converters	p. 331
12.1 Comparison between Converters Built of High-Power Devices and Solutions Based on Multiple Parallel Lower-Power Devices	p. 331
12.2 Hardware Constraints in Paralleling IGBTs	p. 333
12.3 Gate Control Designs for Equal Current Sharing	p. 338
12.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Paralleling Inverter Legs in Respect to Using Parallel Devices	p. 338
12.4.1 Inter-Phase Reactors	p. 339
12.4.2 Control System	p. 340
12.4.3 Converter Control Solutions	p. 340
12.4.4 Current Control	p. 342
12.4.5 Small-Signal Modeling for (d, q) Control in a Parallel Converter System	p. 343
12.4.6 (d, q) versus (d, q, 0) Control	p. 346
12.5 Interleaved Operation of Power Converters	p. 347
12.6 Circulating Currents	p. 349
12.7 Selection of the PWM Algorithm	p. 351
12.8 System Controller	p. 352
12.9 Conclusion	p. 354
12.10 Problems	p. 354
References	p. 355
Index	p. 357

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