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Cover image for Corruption in international trade and commercial arbitration
Title:
Corruption in international trade and commercial arbitration
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Series:
International arbitration law library
Publication Information:
The Hague, The Netherlands : Kluwer Law International, 2004
ISBN:
9789041122360

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30000010127378 K2400 S29 2004 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Issues of corruption turn up with disturbing frequency in commercial arbitration. Yet there is no uniformity in arbitral practice to tackle this phenomenon, despite a constant chorus of condemnation from all quarters. This important book attempts to explain the discrepancy between the mountain condemnation of corruption in international trade and public procurement and the persistent resistance to such condemnation. It specifically describes how corruption uses duplicity in practice, and how such practice challenges the imperativeness of condemnation.

In the process of developing theory in this area, the book analyzes relevant cases and other legal materials, and thus provides both theoretical and practical guidance in such matters as the following:

the arbitrability of corruption matters; the validity of arbitration agreements contained in corruption contracts; the standard and extent of proof that the arbitrator should apply in connection with corruption allegations; the various presumptions of corruption; the principle of party autonomy and corrupt relations; the applicability of national mandatory laws prohibiting corruption in international arbitration; the application of transnational public policy condemning corruption; the effect of nullity of corrupt relations; and, the degree of judicial review of arbitral awards rulings on corruption allegations. In addition to its matchless value as a guide to law and practice in the field, Corruption in International Trade and Commercial Arbitration is unsurpassed in the wealth of reference material it provides. Important cases from many countries are analyzed with in-depth attention to the circumstances surrounding them, and many national laws (including those of Arab countries) and international agreements are also examined. The entire work is superbly cross-referenced to indexes and a rich bibliography.

This book will be of immeasurable value to arbitration practitioners and scholars, corruption scholars and specialists in governmental and non-governmental organizations, officials and experts concerned with money laundering, civil servants in charge of national accountability or transparency bureaus, and law enforcement officials and judges charged with criminal justice procedure in matters of corruption.


Table of Contents

Georges Abi-Saab
Forewordp. xvii
Prefacep. xxi
Introductionp. xxiii
Chapter 1 Judging Corruption in Arbitrationp. 1
I. A Brief Outline of the Underlying Paradigm of Arbitral Decision-Makingp. 1
II. The Main Attitudes In Evaluating Corruptionp. 8
A. The Repressive Tendencyp. 9
B. The Indifferent Tendencyp. 19
III. Concluding Remarksp. 24
Chapter 2 Arbitrability of Public Procurement-Related Mattersp. 27
I. Overviewp. 27
II. Arbitrability of Public Procurement-Related Mattersp. 29
A. The Legal Basis of the Non-Arbitrability of Public Procurement-Related Mattersp. 29
B. The Arbitrator's Initiative In Raising The Non-Arbitrability of Public Procurement-Related Mattersp. 33
C. Applicable Law on the Question of Arbitrability of Public Procurement-Related Mattersp. 36
III. Concluding Remarksp. 40
Chapter 3 Corruption and the Validity of the Arbitration Agreementp. 43
I. Overviewp. 43
II. Contract of Corruption and the Validity of the Arbitration Agreementp. 46
A. The Westacre Casep. 47
B. The Historical Context of Westacrep. 54
C. Measuring The Degree of Offensiveness of Coruptionp. 55
D. The Quality of the Awardp. 57
E. Separability Between Indifference to Corruption and Repressionp. 57
III. Validity of an Agreement to Arbitrate Corruption Mattersp. 58
A. ICC Case No. 1110 of 1963: The Lagergren Awardp. 59
B. Arbitral Disengagement from Adjudicating Corruption Contractsp. 65
IV. Public Procurement Contracts Obtained by Briberyp. 69
A. Arbitrability of Corruption Matters in Public Procurement Contractsp. 69
B. Corruption as Defect of Consent to the Public Procurement Contractp. 76
V. Concluding Remarksp. 87
Chapter 4 Evidence of Corruptionp. 89
I. Evidence in Arbitrationp. 89
A. Arbitral Freedom in Determining Rules of Evidencep. 89
B. Burden and Standard of Proofp. 92
C. Direct and Circumstantial Evidencep. 93
D. Presumptionsp. 94
E. Witness Testimonyp. 96
F. Documentary Evidencep. 97
G. The Arbitration Evidentiary Predicamentp. 98
II. Evidence of Corruption in Arbitrationp. 100
A. Outline of the Potentially Relevant Elements of Facts in a Corrupt Schemep. 101
B. Standard of Proof in Corruption Mattersp. 102
C. Extent of Proof in Bribery Mattersp. 106
D. The Arbitration Evidentiary Predicament and the Struggle Against Secrecyp. 116
III. Concluding Remarksp. 157
Chapter 5 Choice-of-Law Problems and Corruptionp. 159
I. Overview of the Doctrine of Party Autonomyp. 159
A. Party Autonomy in National Lawp. 160
B. Party Autonomy in International Arbitrationp. 162
II. Corruption and the a priori Limits on the Choice of the Applicable Lawp. 167
A. The Choice of a Neutralizing Lawp. 168
B. The Rule of Validation Requirementp. 178
III. Concluding Remarksp. 186
Chapter 6 Application of Mandatory Laws Prohibiting Corruptionp. 189
I. Describing Anti-corruption Lawsp. 190
A. Anti-Corruption Laws Enacted by Importing Countriesp. 190
B. Anti-Corruption Laws Enacted by Exporting Countriesp. 201
C. An Inquiry Into The Mandatory Nature of Anti-Corruption Lawsp. 230
II. Applicability of Anti-Corruption laws In International Commercial Arbitrationp. 232
A. The Taking Into Consideration of Foreign Mandatory Anti-Corruption Lawsp. 234
B. The Direct Application of Foreign Mandatory Anti-Corruption Lawsp. 254
III. Concluding Remarksp. 275
Chapter 7 Application of Universal Values Prohibiting Corruptionp. 277
I. "Transnational" Public Policyp. 278
A. Origins: The Notion of Societas Mercatorump. 278
B. Definition of Transnational Public Policyp. 281
C. Function of Transnational Public Policyp. 282
D. Critiquesp. 283
E. The Application of the Universal Moral Rulep. 285
F. The Homology of the Moral Rule and Transnational Public Policyp. 286
G. Identifying Transnational Public Policyp. 287
II. The Foundation of the Universal Prohibition of Corruptionp. 289
A. The Prohibition of Corruption is Essentialp. 289
B. Prohibition of Corruption is Widely Sharedp. 290
C. The Role of the Global Effort to Combat Corruption in Establishing Large Consensusp. 291
III. The Prohibition of corruption and the Practice of Dual Intentionalityp. 310
A. Describing The Underlying Dynamics of Corrupt Relationsp. 310
B. Definition of Dual Intentionalityp. 320
C. The Legal Effect of the Practice of Dual Intentionality on the Prohibition of corruptionp. 325
IV. The Prohibition of Corruption and Dual Intentionality in Arbitrationp. 345
A. The Degree of Proliferation of Corruption and Arbitrationp. 344
B. Intermediation in Arbitrationp. 348
C. Dual intentionality in Arbitrationp. 349
V. Concluding Remarksp. 353
Chapter 8 The Sanction of Corruptionp. 355
I. Nullity of Corrupt Relationsp. 355
A. Absolute Nullityp. 355
B. Who Invokes Nullity?p. 357
C. The Effect of Nullityp. 366
II. Alternative Sanctions of Corruptionp. 376
A. Ascertaining Absence of Servicesp. 376
B. Invoking the Intermediary's Fraudulent Presentation of Evidencep. 380
III. Concluding Remarksp. 388
Chapter 9 Corruption, Public Policy and Judicial Review of Awardsp. 391
I. Balancing Award Finality and Public Policyp. 391
II. Minimal Judicial Reviewp. 394
A. Overviewp. 394
B. Minimal Judicial Review and Corruptionp. 397
III. Maximal Judicial Reviewp. 405
A. Overview: The Case of Francep. 408
B. Maximal Judicial Review and Corruptionp. 405
IV. The Contextual Approach to Judicial Reviewp. 412
A. Contextual Review: The Case of Englandp. 412
B. Contextual Judicial Review and Corruptionp. 413
IV. Concluding Remarksp. 420
Conclusionp. 423
Bibliographyp. 429
I. Case Lawp. 429
1. Arbitral Awardsp. 429
2. National Case Lawp. 430
II. National Law Materialsp. 432
1. National Laws Pertaining to Corruptionp. 432
2. National Documentsp. 435
III. International Documentsp. 436
1. United Nationsp. 436
2. OECDp. 438
3. Council of Europep. 438
4. World Bank and International Monetary Fundp. 439
5. World Trade Organizationp. 441
6. Organization of American Statesp. 441
7. Transparency Internationalp. 441
8. International Chamber of Commercep. 442
9. International Law Associationp. 442
10. Miscellaneousp. 442
IV. Institute of International Lawp. 442
V. Courses at the Hague Academy of International Lawp. 443
VI. Collective Worksp. 443
VII. Booksp. 446
VIII. Articlesp. 452
Subject Indexp. 471
Index of Arbitration Cases Dealing with Corruptionp. 483
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