Biology today and tomorrow : with physiology

Cecie Starr is the most successful author in non-majors biology because of her clear and engaging writing, trend-setting art, and unparalleled media. BIOLOGY TODAY AND TOMORROW, her most concise text, provides a precise, issues-oriented approach and "solves" some of the toughest course challenges: engaging students, linking concepts from chapter to chapter, easily monitoring students' progress and simplifying lecture prep. Show students how biology matters: opening each chapter with engaging essays on hot issues and related online voting, the text highlights the connections between biology and real-life. Online exercises promote critical thinking about issues students will face as consumers, parents and citizens. Link concepts from chapter to chapter: since students have a difficult time linking concepts, the authors created a new "linking" tool. A list at the start of each chapter reminds students of related topics that were explained earlier. Within chapters, a key icon identifies cross-references to relevant sections in earlier chapters. As students work through the text, they see how topics build upon one another. Monitor students' progress with ease: BiologyNow offers diagnostic quizzes with automatically graded results that flow directly into your instructor grade book (iLrn, WebCT or BlackBoard). And, to assess students' progress instantly with in-class quizzes and polls, you can use JoinIn on TurningPoint content and software. Enjoy easier lecture prep: The new PowerLecture tool integrates all electronic chapter assets - art, photos, animations, videos, links to InfoTrac articles, web links, bulleted text slides, and everything else you need into each chapter's lecture slides. This "buffet" of media resources-arranged by chapter section-is at your fingertips.

1 Invitation to Biology
Impacts, Issues: What Am I Doing Here?	p. 1
1.1 Life's Levels of Organization	p. 2
1.2 Overview of Life's Unity	p. 4
1.3 If So Much Unity, Why so Many Species?	p. 6
1.4 An Evolutionary View of Diversity	p. 8
1.5 The Nature of Biological Inquiry	p. 9
1.6 The Power of Experimental Tests	p. 10
1.7 The Scope and Limits of Science	p. 12
Unit 1 Cells
2 Molecules of Life
Impacts, Issues: Science or Supernatural?	p. 15
2.1 Atoms and Their Interactions	p. 16
2.2 Bonds in Biological Molecules	p. 18
2.3 Water's Life-Giving Properties	p. 20
2.4 Acids and Bases	p. 22
2.5 Molecules of Life-From Structure to Function	p. 23
2.6 The Truly Abundant Carbohydrates	p. 26
2.7 Greasy, Fatty-Must Be Lipids	p. 28
2.8 Proteins-Diversity in Structure and Function	p. 30
2.9 Why is Protein Structure So Important?	p. 32
2.10 Nucleotides and the Nucleic Acids	p. 34
3 How Cells Are Put Together
Impacts, Issues: Animalcules and Cells Fill'd With Juices	p. 38
3.1 What is "A Cell"?	p. 39
3.2 Most Cells are Really Small	p. 40
3.3 The Structure of Cell Membranes	p. 42
3.4 A Closer Look at Prokaryotic Cells	p. 44
3.5 A Closer Look at Eukaryotic Cells	p. 45
3.6 Where Did Organelles Come From?	p. 50
3.7 The Dynamic Cytoskeleton	p. 52
3.8 Cell Surface Specializations	p. 54
4 How Cells Work
Impacts, Issues: Beer, Enzymes, and Your Liver	p. 58
4.1 Inputs and Outputs of Energy	p. 59
4.2 Inputs and Outputs of Substances	p. 61
4.3 How Enzymes Make Substances React	p. 62
4.4 Diffusion and Metabolism	p. 65
4.5 Working with and Against Diffusion	p. 66
4.6 Which Way Will Water Move?	p. 68
4.7 Cell Burps and Gulps	p. 70
5 Where It Starts-Photosynthesis
Impacts, Issues: Sunlight and Survival	p. 73
5.1 The Rainbow Catchers	p. 74
5.2 Light-Dependent Reactions	p. 76
5.3 Light-Independent Reactions	p. 78
5.4 Pastures of the Seas	p. 80
6 How Cells Release Chemical Energy
Impacts, Issues: When Mitochondria Spin Their Wheels	p. 82
6.1 Overview of Energy-Releasing Pathways	p. 83
6.2 Glycolysis-Glucose Breakdown Starts	p. 84
6.3 Second and Third Stages of Aerobic Respiration	p. 86
6.4 Anaerobic Energy-Releasing Pathways	p. 88
6.5 Alternative Energy Sources in the Body	p. 89
6.6 Connections with Photosynthesis	p. 91
Unit 2 Genetics
7 How Cells Reproduce
Impacts, Issues: Henrietta's Immortal Cells	p. 94
7.1 Overview of Cell Division Mechanisms	p. 95
7.2 Introducing the Cell Cycle	p. 96
7.3 Mitosis Maintains the Chromosome Number	p. 97
7.4 Division of the Cytoplasm	p. 100
7.5 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction	p. 101
7.6 How Meiosis Puts Variation in Traits	p. 104
7.7 From Gametes to Offspring	p. 106
7.8 The Cell Cycle and Cancer	p. 108
8 Observing Patterns in Inherited Traits
Impacts, Issues: Menacing Mucus	p. 112
8.1 Tracking Traits with Hybrid Crosses	p. 113
8.2 Not-So-Straightforward Phenotypes	p. 117
8.3 Complex Variations in Traits	p. 120
8.4 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance	p. 123
8.5 Impact of Crossing Over on Inheritance	p. 125
8.6 Human Genetic Analysis	p. 126
8.7 Examples of Human Inheritance Patterns	p. 127
8.8 Structural Changes in Chromosomes	p. 130
8.9 Change in the Number of Chromosomes	p. 131
8.10 Some Prospects in Human Genetics	p. 133
9 DNA Structure and Function
Impacts, Issues: Here, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty	p. 137
9.1 The Hunt for Fame, Fortune, and DNA	p. 138
9.2 DNA Structure and Function	p. 140
9.3 DNA Replication and Repair	p. 142
9.4 Using DNA to Clone Mammals	p. 143
10 Gene Expression and Control
Impacts, Issues: Ricin and Your Ribosomes	p. 146
10.1 Making and Controlling the Cell's Proteins	p. 147
10.2 How is RNA Transcribed From DNA?	p. 147
10.3 Deciphering mRNA	p. 150
10.4 From mRNA to Protein	p. 152
10.5 Mutated Genes and Their Protein Products	p. 154
10.6 Controls Over Gene Expression	p. 156
11 Studying and Manipulating Genomes
Impacts, Issues Golden Rice or Frankenfood?	p. 162
11.1 A Molecular Toolkit	p. 163
11.2 Haystacks to Needles	p. 165
11.3 DNA Sequencing	p. 167
11.4 First Just Fingerprints, Now DNA Fingerprints	p. 168
11.5 Tinkering with the Molecules of Life	p. 169
11.6 Practical Genetics	p. 171
11.7 Weighing the Benefits and Risks	p. 173
Unit 3 Evolution and Diversity
12 Processes of Evolution
Impacts, Issues: Rise of the Super Rats	p. 176
12.1 Early Beliefs, Confounding Discoveries	p. 177
12.2 The Nature of Adaptation	p. 181
12.3 Individuals Don't Evolve, Populations Do	p. 182
12.4 When is a Population Not Evolving?	p. 184
12.5 Natural Selection Revisited	p. 185
12.6 Maintaining Variation in a Population	p. 188
12.7 Genetic Drift-The Chance Changes	p. 190
12.8 Gene Flow-Keeping Populations Alike	p. 191
13 Evolutionary Patterns, Rates, and Trends
Impacts, Issues: Measuring Time	p. 194
13.1 Fossils-Evidence of Ancient Life	p. 195
13.2 Dating Pieces of the Puzzle	p. 196
13.3 Evidence from Biogeography	p. 199
13.4 More Evidence from Comparative Morphology	p. 201
13.5 Evidence from Patterns of Development	p. 203
13.6 Evidence from DNA, RNA, and Proteins	p. 204
13.7 Reproductive Isolation, Maybe New Species	p. 205
13.8 Interpreting the Evidence: Models for Speciation	p. 208
13.9 Patterns of Speciation and Extinctions	p. 211
13.10 Organizing Information About Species	p. 213
14 Early Life
Impacts, Issues: Looking for Life in All the Odd Places	p. 218
14.1 Origin of the First Living Cells	p. 219
14.2 What Are Existing Prokaryotes Like?	p. 224
14.3 The Curiously Classified Protists	p. 228
14.4 The Fabulous Fungi	p. 234
14.5 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions	p. 239
14.6 Evolution and Infectious Diseases	p. 241
15 Plant Evolution
Impacts, Issues: Beginnings, and Endings	p. 244
15.1 Pioneers in a New World	p. 245
15.2 The Bryophytes-No Vascular Tissues	p. 247
15.3 Seedless Vascular Plants	p. 248
15.4 The Rise of Seed-Bearing Plants	p. 251
15.5 Gymnosperms-Plants with "Naked" Seeds	p. 252
15.6 Angiosperms-the Flowering Plants	p. 254
15.7 Deforestation in the Tropics	p. 256
16 Animal Evolution
Impacts, Issues: Interpreting and Misinterpreting the Past	p. 259
16.1 Overview of the Animal Kingdom	p. 260
16.2 Getting Along Well Without Organs	p. 262
16.3 Flatworms-Introducing Organ Systems	p. 263
16.4 Annelids-Segments Galore	p. 264
16.5 The Evolutionarily Pliable Mollusks	p. 266
16.6 Amazingly Abundant Roundworms	p. 267
16.7 Arthropods-The Most Successful Animals	p. 268
16.8 The Puzzling Echinoderms	p. 272
16.9 Evolutionary Trends Among Vertebrates	p. 273
16.10 Major Groups of Jawed Fishes	p. 275
16.11 Early Amphibious Tetrapods	p. 276
16.12 The Rise of Amniotes	p. 278
16.13 From Early Primates to Humans	p. 281
17 Plants and Animals: Common Challenges
Impacts, Issues: Too Hot To Handle	p. 289
17.1 Levels of Structural Organization	p. 290
17.2 Recurring Challenges to Survival	p. 292
17.3 Homeostasis in Animals	p. 293
17.4 Does Homeostasis Occur in Plants?	p. 295
17.5 How Cells Receive and Respond to Signals	p. 297
Unit 4 How Plants Work
18 Plant Form and Function
Impacts, Issues: Drought Versus Civilization	p. 300
18.1 Overview of the Plant Body	p. 301
18.2 Primary Structure of Shoots	p. 304
18.3 Primary Structure of Roots	p. 306
18.4 Secondary Growth-The Woody Plants	p. 308
18.5 Plant Nutrients and Availability In Soil	p. 310
18.6 How Do Roots Absorb Water and Mineral Ions?	p. 312
18.7 Water Transport Through Plants	p. 314
18.8 How Do Stems and Leaves Conserve Water?	p. 316
18.9 How Organic Compounds Move Through Plants	p. 317
19 Plant Reproduction and Development
Impacts, Issues: Imperiled Sexual Partners	p. 321
19.1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants	p. 322
19.2 From Zygotes to Seeds Packaged in Fruit	p. 325
19.3 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants	p. 327
19.4 Patterns of Early Growth and Development	p. 328
19.5 Cell Communication in Plant Development	p. 330
19.6 Adjusting Rates and Directions of Growth	p. 332
19.7 Meanwhile, Back at the Flower	p. 334
19.8 Life Cycles End, and Turn Again	p. 335
19.9 Regarding the World's Most Nutritious Plant	p. 336
Unit 5 How Animals Work
20 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems
Impacts, Issues: It's All About Potential	p. 339
20.1 Organization and Control in Animal Bodies	p. 340
20.2 Four Basic Types of Tissues	p. 340
20.3 Organ Systems Made from Tissues	p. 345
20.4 Skin-Example of an Organ System	p. 346
21 How Animals Move
Impacts, Issues: Pumping Up Muscles	p. 349
21.1 So What Is a Skeleton?	p. 350
21.2 How Do Bones and Muscles Interact?	p. 353
21.3 How Does Skeletal Muscle Contract?	p. 354
21.4 Properties of Whole Muscles	p. 356
22 Circulation and Respiration
Impacts, Issues: Up In Smoke	p. 360
22.1 The Nature of Blood Circulation	p. 361
22.2 Characteristics of Human Blood	p. 362
22.3 Human Cardiovascular System	p. 364
22.4 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels	p. 367
22.5 Cardiovascular Disorders	p. 370
22.6 The Nature of Respiration	p. 371
22.7 Human Respiratory System	p. 374
22.8 Moving Air and Transporting Gases	p. 376
22.9 When the Lungs Break Down	p. 378
23 Immunity
Impacts, Issues: The Face of AIDS	p. 382
23.1 Integrated Responses to Threats	p. 383
23.2 Surface Barriers	p. 385
23.3 The Innate Immune Response	p. 387
23.4 Tailoring Responses to Specific Antigens	p. 389
23.5 Antibodies and Other Antigen Receptors	p. 392
23.6 Antibody-Mediated Immune Response	p. 394
23.7 The Cell-Mediated Immune Response	p. 395
23.8 Defenses Enhanced or Compromised	p. 397
23.9 Aids: Immunity Lost	p. 398
24 Digestion, Nutrition, and Excretion
Impacts, Issues: Hips and Hunger	p. 402
24.1 The Nature of Digestive Systems	p. 403
24.2 Human Digestive System	p. 404
24.3 Human Nutritional Requirements	p. 410
24.4 Weighty Questions, Tantalizing Answers	p. 413
24.5 Urinary System of Mammals	p. 415
24.6 How the Kidneys Make Urine	p. 416
24.7 When Kidneys Break Down	p. 419
25 Neural Control and the Senses
Impacts, Issues: In Pursuit of Ecstasy	p. 422
25.1 Neurons-The Great Communicators	p. 423
25.2 How Messages Flow from Cell to Cell	p. 426
25.3 The Paths of Information Flow	p. 428
25.4 Types of Nervous Systems	p. 430
25.5 The Peripheral Nervous System	p. 432
25.6 The Central Nervous System	p. 433
25.7 Drugging the Brain	p. 436
25.8 Overview of Sensory Systems	p. 438
25.9 Somatic Sensations	p. 439
25.10 The Special Senses	p. 440
26 Endocrine Controls
Impacts, Issues: Hormones in the Balance	p. 448
26.1 Hormones and other Signaling Molecules	p. 449
26.2 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland	p. 452
26.3 Thymus, Thyroid, and Parathyroid Glands	p. 453
26.4 Adrenal Glands and Stress Responses	p. 455
26.5 The Pancreas and Glucose Homeostasis	p. 456
26.6 Hormones and Reproductive Behavior	p. 457
27 Reproduction and Development
Impacts, Issues: Mind-Boggling Births	p. 461
27.1 Methods of Reproduction	p. 462
27.2 Processes of Animal Development	p. 464
27.3 Reproductive System of Human Males	p. 467
27.4 Reproductive System of Human Females	p. 469
27.5 How Pregnancy Happens	p. 472
27.6 Sexually Transmitted Diseases	p. 474
27.7 Human Prenatal Development	p. 476
27.8 From Birth Onward	p. 483
Unit 6 Ecology
28 Population Ecology
Impacts, Issues: The Human Touch	p. 488
28.1 Characteristics of Populations	p. 489
28.2 Population Size and Exponential Growth	p. 491
28.3 Limits on the Growth of Populations	p. 492
28.4 Life History Patterns	p. 495
28.5 Human Population Growth	p. 498
29 Community Structure and Biodiversity
Impacts, Issues: Fire Ants in the Pants	p. 503
29.1 Which Factors Shape Community Structure?	p. 504
29.2 Mutually Beneficial Interactions	p. 505
29.3 Competitive Interactions	p. 506
29.4 Predator-Prey Interactions	p. 508
29.5 Parasites and Parasitoids	p. 511
29.6 Changes in Community Structure Over Time	p. 513
29.7 Forces Contributing to Community Instability	p. 515
29.8 Patterns of Species Diversity	p. 518
29.9 Conservation Biology	p. 519
30 Ecosystems
Impacts, Issues: Bye-Bye Bayou	p. 526
30.1 The Nature of Ecosystems	p. 527
30.2 Biological Magnification in Food Webs	p. 530
30.3 Studying Energy Flow Through Ecosystems	p. 531
30.4 Global Cycling of Water and Nutrients	p. 532
30.5 Carbon Cycle	p. 534
30.6 Greenhouse Gases, Global Warming	p. 536
30.7 Nitrogen Cycle	p. 538
30.8 Phosphorus Cycle	p. 540
31 The Biosphere
Impacts, Issues: Surfers, Seals, and the Sea	p. 543
31.1 Air Circulation and Climates	p. 544
31.2 The Ocean, Landforms, and Climates	p. 548
31.3 Realms of Biodiversity	p. 550
31.4 The Water Provinces	p. 557
31.5 Applying Knowledge of the Biosphere	p. 562
32 Behavioral Ecology
Impacts, Issues: My Pheromones Made Me Do It	p. 566
32.1 So Where Does Behavior Start?	p. 567
32.2 Communication Signals	p. 572
32.3 Mates, Offspring, and Reproductive Success	p. 574
32.4 Costs and Benefits of Social Groups	p. 576
32.5 Why Sacrifice Yourself?	p. 578
32.6 A Look at Primate Social Behavior	p. 580
32.7 Human Social Behavior	p. 581
Epilogue: Biological Principles and the Human Imperative
Appendix I Answers to Self-Quizzes
Appendix II Answers to Genetics Problems
Appendix III Annotations to A Journal Article
Appendix IV A Plain English Map of the Human Chromosomes

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