Cover image for Eye tracking methodology : theory and practice
Title:
Eye tracking methodology : theory and practice
Personal Author:
Edition:
2nd ed.
Publication Information:
London : Springer-Verlag, 2007
Physical Description:
xxiv, 328 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9781846286087
General Note:
Available in online version
Added Title:
Eye Tracking Methodology [electronic resource] : by Andrew Duchowski.
Electronic Access:
Fulltext
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30000010177463 QA76.9.H85 D82 2007 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

Despite the availability of cheap, fast, accurate and usable eye trackers, there is little information available on how to develop, implement and use these systems. This 2nd edition of the successful guide contains significant additional material on the topic and aims to fill that gap in the market by providing an accessible and comprehensive introduction. Additional key features of the 2nd edition include: Technical description of new (state-of-the-art) eye tracking technology; a complete whole new section describing experimental methodology including experimental design, empirical guidelines, and five case studies; and survey material regarding recent research publications.


Table of Contents

List of Figuresp. XV
List of Tablesp. XIX
Part I Introduction to the Human Visual System (HVS)
1 Visual Attentionp. 3
1.1 Visual Attention: A Historical Reviewp. 4
1.1.1 Von Helmholtz's "where"p. 4
1.1.2 James' "what"p. 5
1.1.3 Gibson's "how"p. 6
1.1.4 Broadbent's "selective filter"p. 6
1.1.5 Deutsch and Deutsch's "importance weightings"p. 6
1.1.6 Yarbus and Noton and Stark's "scanpaths"p. 8
1.1.7 Posner's "spotlight"p. 9
1.1.8 Treisman's "glue"p. 11
1.1.9 Kosslyn's "window"p. 11
1.2 Visual Attention and Eye Movementsp. 12
1.3 Summary and Further Readingp. 14
2 Neurological Substrate of the HVSp. 17
2.1 The Eyep. 20
2.2 The Retinap. 21
2.2.1 The Outer Layerp. 22
2.2.2 The Inner Nuclear Layerp. 22
2.2.3 The Ganglion Layerp. 24
2.3 The Optic Tract and M/P Visual Channelsp. 25
2.4 The Occipital Cortex and Beyondp. 27
2.4.1 Motion-Sensitive Single-Cell Physiologyp. 28
2.5 Summary and Further Readingp. 29
3 Visual Psychophysicsp. 31
3.1 Spatial Visionp. 31
3.2 Temporal Visionp. 35
3.2.1 Perception of Motion in the Visual Peripheryp. 38
3.2.2 Sensitivity to Direction of Motion in the Visual Peripheryp. 38
3.3 Color Visionp. 38
3.4 Implications for Attentional Design of Visual Displaysp. 41
3.5 Summary and Further Readingp. 42
4 Taxonomy and Models of Eye Movementsp. 43
4.1 The Extra-Ocular Muscles and The Oculomotor Plantp. 43
4.2 Saccadesp. 44
4.3 Smooth Pursuitsp. 48
4.4 Fixationsp. 48
4.5 Nystagmusp. 49
4.6 Implications for Eye Movement Analysisp. 50
4.7 Summary and Further Readingp. 50
Part II Eye Tracking Systems
5 Eye Tracking Techniquesp. 55
5.1 Electro-Oculography (EOG)p. 56
5.2 Scleral Contact Lens/Search Coilp. 57
5.3 Photo-Oculography (POG) or Video-Oculography (VOG)p. 58
5.4 Video-Based Combined Pupil/Corneal Reflectionp. 58
5.5 Classifying Eye Trackers in "Mocap" Terminologyp. 62
5.6 Summary and Further Readingp. 65
6 System Hardware Installationp. 67
6.1 Integration Issues and Requirementsp. 67
6.2 System Installationp. 71
6.3 Lessons Learned from the Installation at Clemsonp. 73
6.4 Summary and Further Readingp. 74
7 System Software Developmentp. 77
7.1 Mapping Eye Tracker Screen Coordinatesp. 78
7.1.1 Mapping Screen Coordinates to the 3D Viewing Frustump. 78
7.1.2 Mapping Screen Coordinates to the 2D Imagep. 80
7.1.3 Measuring Eye Tracker Screen Coordinate Extentsp. 80
7.2 Mapping Flock Of Birds Tracker Coordinatesp. 82
7.2.1 Obtaining the Transformed View Vectorp. 84
7.2.2 Obtaining the Transformed Up Vectorp. 85
7.2.3 Transforming an Arbitrary Vectorp. 85
7.3 3D Gaze Point Calculationp. 86
7.3.1 Parametric Ray Representation of Gaze Directionp. 89
7.4 Virtual Gaze Intersection Point Coordinatesp. 90
7.4.1 Ray/Plane Intersectionp. 90
7.4.2 Point-In-Polygon Problemp. 92
7.5 Data Representation and Storagep. 93
7.6 Summary and Further Readingp. 95
8 System Calibrationp. 97
8.1 Software Implementationp. 98
8.2 Ancillary Calibration Proceduresp. 102
8.2.1 Internal 2D Calibrationp. 103
8.2.2 Internal 3D Calibrationp. 105
8.3 Summary and Further Readingp. 107
9 Eye Movement Analysisp. 111
9.1 Signal Denoisingp. 113
9.2 Dwell-Time Fixation Detectionp. 115
9.3 Velocity-Based Saccade Detectionp. 115
9.4 Eye Movement Analysis in Three Dimensionsp. 119
9.4.1 Parameter Estimationp. 122
9.4.2 Fixation Groupingp. 127
9.4.3 Eye Movement Data Mirroringp. 128
9.5 Summary and Further Readingp. 128
Part III Eye Tracking Applications
10 Diversity and Types of Eye Tracking Applicationsp. 131
10.1 Summary and Further Readingp. 132
11 Neuroscience and Psychologyp. 133
11.1 Neurophysiological Investigation of Illusory Contoursp. 134
11.2 Attentional Neurosciencep. 135
11.3 Eye Movements and Brain Imagingp. 138
11.4 Readingp. 140
11.5 Scene Perceptionp. 143
11.5.1 Perception of Artp. 148
11.5.2 Perception of Filmp. 150
11.6 Visual Searchp. 152
11.6.1 Computational Models of Visual Searchp. 158
11.7 Natural Tasksp. 163
11.8 Eye Movements in Other Information Processing Tasksp. 167
11.9 Summary and Further Readingp. 169
12 Industrial Engineering and Human Factorsp. 171
12.1 Aviationp. 171
12.2 Drivingp. 175
12.3 Visual Inspectionp. 182
12.4 Summary and Further Readingp. 192
13 Marketing/Advertisingp. 193
13.1 Copy Testingp. 195
13.2 Print Advertisingp. 196
13.3 Ad Placementp. 200
13.4 Summary and Further Readingp. 202
14 Computer Sciencep. 205
14.1 Human-Computer Interaction and Collaborative Systemsp. 205
14.1.1 Eye-Based Interactionp. 206
14.1.2 Usabilityp. 209
14.1.3 Collaborative Systemsp. 211
14.2 Gaze-Contingent Displaysp. 211
14.2.1 Screen-Based Displaysp. 213
14.2.2 Model-Based Graphical Displaysp. 217
14.3 Summary and Further Readingp. 225
15 Conclusionp. 227
Referencesp. 229
Indexp. 245