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Summary
Summary
Despite the fact that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has been active since November of 2002, the American homeland is still not secure from terrorist attack. What passes as DHS strategy is often just a list of objectives with vague references to the garnering of national resources, and the marshalling of support from other nations.
Drawing on the expertise of several of the nation's leading reseachers and policy experts, Terrorism and Homeland Security: Thinking Strategically About Policy provides policymakers with a much needed starting point for the creation of an effective coherent national security strategy. Its origins pre-dating 9-11, this volume grew out of an extensive project featuring the participation of various institutions including the Army War College.
The primary goal: develop a strategy that optimizes security with minimal infringement on rights and liberties
After addressing points salient to a central strategy, the book then identifies the domestic and external elements that need to be addressed in building such a strategy. To this end, it examines the nature of terrorist threats, looks at challenges specific to various weapons of mass destruction, and then goes beyond terrorism to discuss safeguarding society and its infrastructure from natural disasters.
In concluding, the editors present a number of preliminary suggestions. It is hoped that policymakers and others may take these suggestions into account when developing a comprehensive national security strategy.
Table of Contents
Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
Acknowledgment | p. xvii |
Contributors | p. xix |
Acronyms | p. xxiii |
Section 1 The National Security Challenge: Developing Strategy for Terrorism and Homeland Security | |
1 Toward a Comprehensive Strategy for Terrorism and Homeland Security | p. 3 |
Strategy and the Strategic Discourse | p. 9 |
Terrorism and Other Forms of Political Violence | p. 10 |
Intelligence, Law Enforcement, Civil Liberties, and Human Rights | p. 11 |
Causal Understandings Related to Formulating Homeland Security Strategy | p. 13 |
Societal Grievances as a Cause of Terrorism and Other Forms of Political Violence | p. 14 |
Groups, Movements, or Insurgencies Using Political Violence | p. 16 |
Endnotes | p. 17 |
2 The Search for National and Homeland Security: An Integrated Grand Strategy | p. 19 |
The Basic Elements of Strategy | p. 21 |
Post-Gulf War I: Tracing U.S. Grand Strategy | p. 23 |
Homeland Security and National Security | p. 25 |
Conclusion | p. 28 |
Endnotes | p. 30 |
3 Assured Vulnerability: Homeland Security and the Cold War Legacy of Defenselessness | p. 33 |
The Roots of Vulnerability | p. 35 |
The Cold War Neglect of Homeland Security | p. 36 |
After 9/11: The Legacy of Neglect | p. 42 |
The Unfinished Task of Inventing Homeland Security | p. 45 |
The Role of Defense Intellectuals | p. 46 |
Developing Defense Orientations Within Homeland-Security Strategic Culture | p. 47 |
Endnotes | p. 49 |
4 Terrorism and Deterrence by Denial | p. 53 |
Terrorism as a Dynamic Process | p. 54 |
Terrorism and Deterrence by Denial | p. 56 |
Tactical Level: Deterrence by Denial of Opportunity | p. 56 |
Operational Level: Deterrence by Denial of Capability | p. 58 |
Strategic Level: Deterrence by Denial of Objectives | p. 58 |
International Implementation-the "Away Game" | p. 59 |
Identifying and Influencing the Target Population | p. 61 |
Denial Strategy-Marginalizing the Terrorist Message | p. 62 |
Denial of Capability: Public Diplomacy and Disrupting Recruitment and Retention | p. 63 |
Domestic Implementation-the "Home Game" | p. 65 |
Educating and Preparing Domestic Publics | p. 65 |
Concluding Comments | p. 66 |
Endnotes | p. 67 |
5 The Importance of Multinational and Transnational Cooperation Strategies for Homeland Security | p. 69 |
Homeland Security and Globalization | p. 71 |
Reconceptualizing Defensive Homeland Security | p. 73 |
Multinational and Transnational Cooperation on Homeland Security | p. 77 |
Judicial and Law Enforcement Cooperation | p. 77 |
Cooperation in Civil Security and Transportation | p. 79 |
Intelligence Cooperation | p. 81 |
Financial Cooperation | p. 83 |
Homeland Defense Cooperation | p. 83 |
Cooperation through the United Nations | p. 84 |
Areas for Improvement | p. 86 |
Concluding Comments | p. 89 |
Endnotes | p. 91 |
Section 2 Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) | |
6 WMD Terrorism: New Threats, Revised Responses | p. 101 |
The Changing Threat of Modern Terrorism | p. 104 |
The First Wave | p. 104 |
The Second Wave | p. 105 |
The Third Wave | p. 106 |
The Fourth Wave | p. 106 |
WMD Terrorism | p. 107 |
Nuclear Weapons | p. 108 |
Biological Weapons | p. 109 |
Chemical Weapons | p. 110 |
U.S. Responses to the Threat from WMD Terrorism | p. 111 |
Responses to Fourth-Wave Terrorism | p. 112 |
Dealing with the Threat by Denying Access to Materials | p. 115 |
Concluding Comments | p. 116 |
Endnotes | p. 116 |
7 Nuclear and Radioactive Threats to Homeland Security: Prevention and Response | p. 119 |
Characterizing Nuclear and Radioactive Threats | p. 120 |
Current National Prevention and Response Strategies | p. 123 |
Intelligence | p. 124 |
Port Security | p. 124 |
DHS Role in Preparedness and Response | p. 125 |
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Incidents | p. 126 |
Federal Guidance on Radiation | p. 127 |
Drawbacks to the Current Guidance | p. 128 |
Survey of Public Resources for Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism Threats | p. 128 |
Assessment: A Strong Effort, but Gaps Remain | p. 129 |
Priorities for a National Homeland Security Strategy | p. 130 |
Conclusion: Integrating Prevention and Response | p. 136 |
Endnotes | p. 137 |
Section 3 Strategy and the Safeguarding of Society and its Infrastructure from Terrorism and other Threats | |
8 Comparative Risk Analysis: Biological Terrorism, Pandemics, and Other "Forgotten" Catastrophic Disaster Threats | p. 147 |
A Note about Comparative Risk Assessment | p. 149 |
Debates about Homeland Security Strategy in Theory and Practice | p. 150 |
The Muddled Homeland Security Mandate: FEMA the "Stepchild" | p. 150 |
The Elusive Comparative Risk Analysis Approach | p. 151 |
Elemental Natural Disasters and Forces Majeures | p. 152 |
Hurricanes | p. 152 |
Earthquakes | p. 152 |
Tsunamis | p. 153 |
Floods | p. 154 |
For Better and Worse: Globalization, Infectious Diseases, and the Biological Century | p. 154 |
The Bioterrorism-Bird Flu Nexus | p. 154 |
Globalization Externalities: Public Health Goods and "Bads" | p. 155 |
Naturally Occurring Disease Outbreaks and Civilian Biodefense | p. 156 |
SARS | p. 157 |
Avian Influenza: The Inter-Pandemic Period, and Planning for the Inevitable | p. 157 |
Bioweapons and Bioterrorism: The Dark Side of the Biotechnology Revolution | p. 159 |
How Dangerous Is Bioterrorism? The BT Technology Growth Curve | p. 160 |
Variables in Using BT Weapons | p. 162 |
Agricultural Bioterrorism | p. 163 |
The Comparative Dimensions of Homeland Security Risk Analysis | p. 164 |
The Brave New World of Katrina and Osama-But with Tradeoffs | p. 165 |
Endnotes | p. 166 |
9 Homeland Security Strategy and Policy Choices: A Local Government Perspective | p. 171 |
Consequences and Consequence Planning | p. 174 |
Prevention, Mitigation, and Preparedness | p. 178 |
Financing and Staffing State and Local Homeland Security Efforts | p. 181 |
Organizing and Coordinating Federal, State, and Local Efforts | p. 184 |
Concluding Comments | p. 186 |
Endnotes | p. 188 |
10 Democracy, Civil Society, and the Damage-Limitation Component of Strategy | p. 191 |
Making Democracy Survivable | p. 192 |
Homeland Security Spending and Damage Limitation | p. 194 |
The Private Sector, Civil Society, and All-Hazards Response | p. 197 |
Reviving Civil-Defense Education | p. 199 |
Concluding Comments | p. 201 |
Endnotes | p. 201 |
11 Transportation as a Component of Homeland Security Strategy | p. 207 |
Modes of Transportation | p. 209 |
Intermodal Passenger Systems | p. 212 |
Freight Systems | p. 216 |
The Dimensions of Transportation Security | p. 220 |
Concluding Comments | p. 223 |
Endnotes | p. 224 |
12 Redefining U.S. Energy Security in the Twenty-First Century | p. 227 |
Conceptualizing Energy Security | p. 229 |
The U.S. Energy System: Vital Energy Sectors and Critical Infrastructure Protection | p. 235 |
Petroleum | p. 236 |
Natural Gas | p. 237 |
Electricity | p. 239 |
Coal | p. 240 |
Nuclear Power | p. 240 |
Critical Infrastructure Protection | p. 241 |
Critical Vulnerabilities and Homeland Security Implications | p. 243 |
Summary Conclusions | p. 245 |
Endnotes | p. 246 |
Afterword: Terrorism and Securing the Homeland | p. 253 |
Endnotes | p. 261 |
Appendix The National Strategy for Homeland Security | p. 263 |
Strategic Objectives | p. 264 |
Threat and Vulnerability | p. 264 |
Organizing for a Secure Homeland | p. 264 |
Critical Mission Areas | p. 265 |
The Foundations of Homeland Security | p. 269 |
Costs of Homeland Security | p. 272 |
Conclusion: Priorities for the Future | p. 272 |
Endnotes | p. 274 |
Bibliography | p. 275 |
Books | p. 275 |
Articles | p. 281 |
Documents | p. 284 |
Web sites | p. 288 |
Glossary | p. 291 |
Index | p. 309 |