Introduction to hazardous waste incineration

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Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration,

Second Edition

The control of hazardous wastes is one of today's most critical environmental issues. Increasing numbers of engineers, technicians, and maintenance personnel are being confronted with problems in this important area. Incineration has become an available and vital option to meet the new challenge of containing hazardous wastes. Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition provides a reference work that examines the basic concepts, principles, equipment, and applications pertaining to hazardous waste incineration.

Uniquely serving as both an essential guidebook for practicing engineers and a text for engineering students, this new edition contains updated information in the area of standards and regulations, equipment, materials handling equipment, instrumentation, control performance testing, final permit, and facility design. The authors' aim is to offer the reader the fundamentals of incineration with appropriate practical application to the incineration of wastes, in addition to providing an introduction to the specialized literature in this and related areas. Complete with illustrative examples, this informative Second Edition highlights:
* Recent history of standards and regulations, including the recently enacted MACT Standards for hazardous waste combustion
* Incineration principles, including stoichiometric calculations, and thermochemical considerations
* Equipment that may be found in a waste incineration facility (i.e., incinerator, waste heat boiler, quench systems, and air pollution control equipment)
* Design principles and their application to a hazardous waste incineration facility
* Practice problems at the end of each technical chapter

Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition offers chemical and environmental engineers working in the hazardous waste control area, as well as technicians and maintenance professionals, the necessary literature to cope with some of the complex problems encountered in waste incineration today.

Author Notes

Joseph J. Santoleri, Pe, is an environmental consultant based in Berwyn, Pennsylvania
Joseph Reynolds, PhD, is a professor in the Chemical Engineering Department, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York
Louis Theodore, PhD, is a professor in the Chemical Engineering Department, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York

Preface	p. vii
Part I The Hazardous Waste Problem	p. 1
1 Hazardous Waste Incineration Overview	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 Historical Background	p. 6
1.3 Today's Problem	p. 11
1.4 Socioeconomic Concerns	p. 13
1.5 Waste Characterization	p. 15
1.6 The Need to Incinerate	p. 18
References	p. 20
2 Other Options	p. 23
2.1 Introduction	p. 23
2.2 Chemical Treatment	p. 24
2.3 Biological Treatment	p. 31
2.4 Physical Treatment	p. 35
2.5 Ultimate Disposal	p. 51
2.6 Process Modification/Pollution Prevention	p. 59
2.7 The Selection of Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes	p. 62
References	p. 71
3 Standards and Regulations	p. 73
3.1 Introduction	p. 73
3.2 Early Legislation	p. 74
3.3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976	p. 76
3.4 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984	p. 80
3.5 Permit Process	p. 85
3.6 EPA Guidance Manuals	p. 95
3.7 Boiler and Industrial Furnace (BIF) Regulations	p. 96
3.8 EPA Hazardous Waste Reduction and Combustion Strategy	p. 102
3.9 Combustion Emissions Technical Resource Document	p. 103
3.10 Hazardous Waste Combustor Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Standards for Hazardous Waste Incinerators, Cement Kilns, and Lightweight Aggregate Kilns	p. 109
3.11 Future of Incineration	p. 118
3.12 Illustrative Examples	p. 118
Problems	p. 126
References	p. 128
Part II Incineration Principles	p. 131
4 Basic Concepts	p. 133
4.1 Introduction	p. 133
4.2 Fundamentals of Measurement	p. 133
4.3 Chemical and Physical Properties	p. 138
4.4 Ideal Gas Law	p. 150
4.5 Phase Equilibrium	p. 155
4.6 Illustrative Examples	p. 160
Problems	p. 169
References	p. 170
5 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Considerations	p. 171
5.1 Introduction	p. 171
5.2 Conservation Laws	p. 171
5.3 Stoichiometry	p. 178
5.4 Thermochemistry	p. 187
5.5 Chemical Reaction Equilibrium	p. 196
5.6 Chemical Kinetics	p. 202
5.7 Illustrative Examples	p. 210
Problems	p. 225
References	p. 227
6 Thermochemical Applications	p. 229
6.1 Introduction	p. 229
6.2 Fuel Options	p. 229
6.3 Stoichiometric Calculations	p. 237
6.4 Thermochemical Calculations	p. 253
6.5 Application of Chemical Reaction Principles	p. 263
6.6 Illustrative Examples	p. 275
Problems	p. 300
References	p. 302
Part III Equipment	p. 303
7 Hazardous Waste Combustors	p. 305
7.1 Introduction	p. 305
7.2 Liquid Injection Incineration	p. 306
7.3 Rotary Kiln Incineration	p. 324
7.4 Other Methods	p. 339
7.5 Co-incineration	p. 352
7.6 Thermal Treatment of Superfund Soil	p. 366
7.7 Emerging Technologies	p. 369
7.8 Illustrative Examples	p. 372
Problems	p. 379
References	p. 379
8 Waste Heat Boilers	p. 383
8.1 Introduction	p. 383
8.2 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer	p. 383
8.3 Operation of Waste Heat Boilers	p. 395
8.4 Design of Waste Heat Boilers	p. 396
8.5 Illustrative Examples	p. 399
Problems	p. 404
References	p. 405
9 Quenchers	p. 407
9.1 Introduction	p. 407
9.2 Dilution with Ambient Air	p. 408
9.3 Quenching with Liquids	p. 409
9.4 Contact with High Heat Capacity Solids	p. 417
9.5 Natural Convection and Radiation	p. 417
9.6 Forced-Draft Cooling	p. 420
9.7 Illustrative Examples	p. 422
Problems	p. 431
References	p. 432
10 Air Pollution Control Equipment	p. 433
10.1 Introduction	p. 433
10.2 Wet Scrubbers	p. 437
10.3 Dry Scrubber Systems	p. 458
10.4 Wet-Dry Scrubber Systems	p. 470
10.5 Illustrative Examples	p. 476
Problems	p. 490
References	p. 493
11 Materials Handling and Ancillary Equipment	p. 495
11.1 Introduction	p. 495
11.2 Waste Storage	p. 496
11.3 Feed Systems	p. 499
11.4 Ash Handling Systems	p. 501
11.5 Pipes, Ducts, Fittings, and Valves	p. 502
11.6 Fans, Pumps, and Compressors	p. 505
11.7 Stacks	p. 517
11.8 Illustrative Examples	p. 518
Problems	p. 521
References	p. 522
Part IV Facility Design	p. 525
12 Design Principles	p. 527
12.1 Introduction	p. 527
12.2 Preliminary Studies	p. 528
12.3 Process Schematics	p. 529
12.4 Material and Energy Balances	p. 532
12.5 Equipment and Process Design	p. 534
12.6 Instrumentation and Controls	p. 537
References	p. 540
13 Economic Considerations	p. 541
13.1 Introduction	p. 541
13.2 Capital Costs	p. 542
13.3 Operating Costs	p. 548
13.4 Project Evaluation	p. 549
13.5 Perturbation Studies in Optimization	p. 552
13.6 Illustrative Examples	p. 553
Problems	p. 560
References	p. 561
14 Design of a Hazardous Waste Incineration Facility	p. 563
14.1 Introduction	p. 563
14.2 Illustrative Design Problem I	p. 563
14.3 Illustrative Design Problem II	p. 577
Problems	p. 590
References	p. 592
Appendix A HWI Software Package	p. 593
A.1 Introductory Comments	p. 593
A.2 Getting Started	p. 594
A.3 The Program HWITRL	p. 595
A.4 The Program HWI	p. 599
A.5 The Program HWIF	p. 618
Appendix B Metric and SI Systems	p. 623
B.1 Metric System	p. 623
B.2 SI System	p. 624
Index	p. 627

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