Phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010141680	TN871 P424 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010235436	TN871 P424 2007	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

Understanding the phase behavior of the various fluids present in a petroleum reservoir is essential for achieving optimal design and cost-effective operations in a petroleum processing plant. Taking advantage of the authors' experience in petroleum processing under challenging conditions, Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids introduces industry-standard methods for modeling the phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids at various stages in the process.

Keeping mathematics to a minimum, the book discusses sampling, characterization, compositional analyses, and equations of state used to simulate various pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) properties of reservoir fluids. The coverage of phase behavior at reservoir conditions includes simulating minimum miscibility pressures and compositional variations depending on depth and temperature gradients. Developed in conjunction with several oil companies using experimental data for real reservoir fluids, the authors present new models for the characterization of heavy undefined hydrocarbons, transport properties, and solids precipitation.

An up-to-date overview of recently developed methods for modern petroleum processing, Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids presents a streamlined approach for more accurate analyses and better predictions of fluid behavior under variable reservoir conditions.w models for the characterization of heavy undefined hydrocarbons, transport properties, and solids precipitation.

Chapter 1 Petroleum Reservoir Fluids	p. 1
1.1 Reservoir Fluid Constituents	p. 1
1.2 Properties of Reservoir Fluid Constituents	p. 1
1.3 Phase Envelopes	p. 6
1.4 Classification of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids	p. 7
References	p. 11
Chapter 2 Compositional Analyses	p. 13
2.1 Analyzing a Bottom Hole Sample by Gas Chromatography (GC)	p. 22
2.2 Reservoir Fluid Composition from Separator Samples	p. 26
2.3 Mud-Contaminated Samples	p. 30
2.3.1 Reservoir Fluids to C[subscript 7+] or C[subscript 10+]	p. 31
2.3.2 Reservoir Fluids to C[subscript 20+]	p. 33
2.3.3 Reservoir Fluids to C[subscript 36+]	p. 33
2.4 Quality Control of Reservoir Fluid Samples	p. 35
References	p. 39
Chapter 3 PVT Experiments	p. 41
3.1 Constant-Mass Expansion Experiment	p. 43
3.2 Constant-Volume Depletion Experiment	p. 46
3.3 Differential Liberation Experiment	p. 48
3.4 Separator Test	p. 54
3.5 Swelling Test	p. 57
3.6 Viscosity Experiment	p. 58
3.7 Slim Tube Experiment	p. 59
3.8 Multiple-Contact Experiment	p. 60
References	p. 62
Chapter 4 Cubic Equations of State	p. 63
4.1 The van der Waals Equation	p. 63
4.2 Redlich-Kwong Equation	p. 66
4.3 The Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) Equation	p. 68
4.4 Peng-Robinson (PR) Equation	p. 71
4.5 Peneloux Volume Correction	p. 73
4.6 Other Cubic Equations of State	p. 76
4.7 Equilibrium Calculations	p. 77
4.8 Nonclassical Mixing Rules	p. 78
4.9 Other Equations of State	p. 78
References	p. 78
Chapter 5 C[subscript 7+] Characterization	p. 81
5.1 Classes of Components	p. 81
5.1.1 Defined Components	p. 81
5.1.2 C[subscript 7+] Fractions	p. 83
5.1.3 Plus Fraction	p. 86
5.2 Binary Interaction Coefficients	p. 92
5.3 Lumping	p. 92
5.4 Delumping	p. 99
5.5 Mixing of Multiple Fluids	p. 100
5.6 Characterizing of Multiple Compositions to the Same Pseudocomponents	p. 103
5.7 Heavy Oil Compositions	p. 106
5.7.1 Heavy Oil Reservoir Fluid Compositions	p. 106
5.7.2 Characterization of Heavy Oil Mixture	p. 106
References	p. 112
Chapter 6 Flash and Phase Envelope Calculations	p. 115
6.1 Pure Component Vapor Pressures from Cubic Equations of State	p. 116
6.2 Mixture Saturation Points from Cubic Equations of State	p. 118
6.3 Flash Calculations	p. 120
6.3.1 Stability Analysis	p. 120
6.3.2 Solving the Flash Equations	p. 125
6.3.3 Multiphase PT-Flash	p. 126
6.3.4 Three Phase PT-Flash with a Pure Water Phase	p. 131
6.3.5 Other Flash Specifications	p. 133
6.4 Phase Envelope Calculations	p. 134
6.5 Phase Identification	p. 138
References	p. 139
Chapter 7 PVT Simulation	p. 141
7.1 Constant Mass Expansion (CME)	p. 141
7.2 Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)	p. 143
7.3 Differential Liberation	p. 147
7.4 Separator Test	p. 148
7.5 Swelling Test	p. 148
7.6 What to Expect from a PVT Simulation	p. 160
Chapter 8 Physical Properties	p. 161
8.1 Density	p. 161
8.2 Enthalpy	p. 161
8.3 Internal Energy	p. 163
8.4 Entropy	p. 163
8.5 Heat Capacity	p. 163
8.6 Joule-Thomson Coefficient	p. 164
8.7 Velocity of Sound	p. 164
8.8 Example Calculations	p. 164
References	p. 168
Chapter 9 Regression to Experimental PVT Data	p. 169
9.1 Shortcomings of Parameter Regression	p. 169
9.2 Analyzing for Errors in Compositional Data	p. 170
9.2.1 Volume Translation Parameter	p. 171
9.3 T[subscript c], P[subscript c], and [omega] of C[subscript 7+] Fractions	p. 171
9.4 Regressing on Coefficients in Property Correlations	p. 172
9.5 Object Functions and Weight Factors	p. 172
9.6 Example of Regression for Gas Condensate	p. 173
9.7 Tuning on Single Pseudocomponent Properties	p. 179
9.8 Near-Critical Fluids	p. 181
9.9 Fluids Characterized to the Same Pseudocomponents	p. 185
References	p. 196
Chapter 10 Transport Properties	p. 197
10.1 Viscosity	p. 197
10.1.1 Corresponding States Viscosity Models	p. 199
10.1.2 Adaptation of Corresponding States Viscosity Model to Heavy Oils	p. 206
10.1.3 Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC) Method	p. 207
10.1.4 Other Viscosity Models	p. 208
10.1.5 Viscosity Data and Simulation Results	p. 209
10.2 Thermal Conductivity	p. 215
10.2.1 Data and Simulation Results for Thermal Conductivity	p. 220
10.3 Gas/Oil Surface Tension	p. 220
10.3.1 Model for Interfacial Tension	p. 221
10.3.2 Data and Simulation Results for Interfacial Tenes	p. 227
10.4 Diffusion Coefficients	p. 225
References	p. 227
Chapter 11 Wax Formation	p. 229
11.1 Experimental Studies of Wax Precipitation	p. 229
11.2 Thermodynamic Description of Melting of a Pure Component	p. 237
11.3 Modeling of Wax Precipitation	p. 243
11.3.1 Activity Coefficient Approach	p. 244
11.3.2 Ideal Solid Solution Wax Models	p. 246
11.4 Wax PT Flash Calculations	p. 251
11.5 Viscosity of Oil-Wax Suspensions	p. 252
11.6 Wax Inhibitors	p. 253
References	p. 257
Chapter 12 Asphaltenes	p. 259
12.1 Experimental Techniques for Studying Asphaltene Precipitation	p. 263
12.1.1 Quantification of Amount of Asphaltenes	p. 263
12.1.2 Detection of Asphaltene Onset Points	p. 263
12.1.2.1 Gravimetric Technique	p. 263
12.1.2.2 Acoustic Resonance Technique	p. 264
12.1.2.3 Light-Scattering Technique	p. 264
12.1.2.4 Filtration and Other Experimental Techniques	p. 265
12.1.3 Experimental Data for Asphaltene Onset Pressures	p. 265
12.2 Asphaltene Models	p. 266
12.2.1 Models Based on Cubic Equation of State	p. 268
12.2.2 Polymer Solution Models	p. 270
12.2.3 Thermodynamic-Colloidal Approach	p. 273
12.2.4 PC-SAFT Model	p. 274
12.2.5 Other Asphaltene Models	p. 280
12.2.6 Recommendations with Respect to Asphaltene Modeling	p. 281
References	p. 281
Chapter 13 Gas Hydrates	p. 285
13.1 Types of Hydrates	p. 285
13.2 Modeling of Hydrate Formation	p. 289
13.3 Hydrate Inhibitors	p. 294
13.4 Hydrate Simulation Results	p. 295
13.5 Hydrate P/T Flash Calculations	p. 298
13.5.1 Hydrate Fugacities	p. 300
13.5.2 Flash Simulation Technique	p. 303
References	p. 304
Chapter 14 Compositional Variations with Depth	p. 307
14.1 Theory of Isothermal Reservoir	p. 307
14.1.1 Depth Gradient Calculations for Isothermal Reservoirs	p. 309
4.2 Theory of Nonisothermal Reservoir	p. 315
14.2.1 Absolute Enthalpies	p. 324
14.2.2 Example: Calculations on Reservoir Fluids	p. 325
References	p. 330
Chapter 15 Minimum Miscibility Pressure	p. 331
15.1 Three-Component Mixtures	p. 331
15.2 MMP of Multicomponent Mixtures	p. 336
15.2.1 Tie Line Approach	p. 336
15.2.2 Cell-to-Cell Simulation	p. 340
References	p. 344
Chapter 16 Formation Water and Hydrate Inhibitors	p. 345
16.1 Hydrocarbon-Water Phase Equilibrium Models	p. 345
16.1.1 Approach of Kabadi and Danner	p. 348
16.1.2 Asymmetric Mixing Rules	p. 350
16.1.3 Huron and Vidal Mixing Rule	p. 352
16.1.4 Phase Equilibria for Hydrocarbon-Salt Water	p. 357
16.1.5 Association Models	p. 358
16.2 Experimental Hydrocarbon-Water Phase Equilibrium Data	p. 360
16.3 Water Properties	p. 363
16.3.1 Viscosity of Water-Inhibitor Mixtures	p. 367
16.3.2 Properties of Salt Water	p. 367
16.3.3 Oil-Water Emulsion Viscosities	p. 367
16.4 Phase Envelopes of Hydrocarbon-Aqueous Mixtures	p. 368
References	p. 370
Chapter 17 Scale Precipitation	p. 373
17.1 Criteria for Salt Precipitation	p. 373
17.2 Equilibrium Constants	p. 376
17.3 Activity Coefficients	p. 379
17.4 Solution Procedure	p. 385
17.5 Example Calculations	p. 389
References	p. 391
Appendix A p. 393
A.1 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics	p. 393
A.2 Fundamental Thermodynamic Relations	p. 393
A.3 Phase Equilibrium	p. 394
A.4 Fugacities and Fugacity Coefficients	p. 396
Index	p. 401

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