Correlation spectroscopy of surfaces, thin films, and nanostructures

Here, leading scientists present an overview of the most modern experimental and theoretical methods for studying electronic correlations on surfaces, in thin films and in nanostructures. In particular, they describe in detail coincidence techniques for studying many-particle correlations while
critically examining the informational content of such processes from a theoretical point viewpoint. Furthermore, the book considers the current state of incorporating many-body effects into theoretical approaches.

Covered topics:

-Auger-electron photoelectron coincidence experiments and theories
-Correlated electron emission from atoms, fullerens, clusters, metals and wide-band gap materials
-Ion coincidence spectroscopies and ion scattering theories from surfaces
-GW and dynamical mean-field approaches
-Many-body effects in electronic and optical response

Author Notes

A. Marini
A. Lahmam-Bennani
F. Bell
R. A. Bartynski, A. K. See, W.-K. Siu, and S. L. Hulbert
R. Feder and H. Gollisch
F. Aryasetiawan, S. Biermann and A. Georges
O. Kidun, N. Fominykh and J. Berakdar
L. Wirtz, M. Dallos, H. Lischka, and J. Burgdörfer
K. Mase, E. Kobayashi, K. Isari
M. Ohno
S. Samarin, O. M. Artamonov, A. D. Sergeant, and J. F. Williams
G. Stefani, R. Gotter, A. Ruocco, F. Offi, F. Da Pieve, A. Verdini, A. Liscio, S. Iacobucci, Hua Yao and R. A. Bartynski
S. M. Thurgate, Z.-T. Jiang, G. van Riessen and C. Creagh
C. Bowles, A. S. Kheifets, V. A. Sashin, M. Vos, E. Weigold, F. Aryasetiawan
H. Winter
J. Kirschner, C. Winkler and J.Berakdar

F. Aryasetiawan and S. Biermann and A. GeorgesA. MariniO. Kidun and N. Fominykh and J. BerakdarA. Lahmam-BennaniJ. Kirschner and C. Winkler and J. BerakdarS. Samarin and O.M. Artamonov and A.D. Sergeant and J.F. WilliamsC. Bowles and A.S. Kheifets and V.A. Sashin and M. Vos and E. Weigold and F. AryasetiawanF. BellR. Feder and H. GollischL. Wirtz and M. Dallos and H. Lischka and J. BurgdorferH. WinterM. OhnoR.A. Bartynski and A.K. See and W.-K. Siu and S.L. HulbertG. Stefani and R. Gotter and A. Ruocco and F. Offi and F. Da Pieve and A. Verdini and A. Liscio and S. Iacobucci and Hua Yao and R. BartynskiS.M. Thurgate and Z.-T. Jiang and G. van Riessen and C. CreaghK. Mase and E. Kobayashi and K. Isari

Preface	p. XI
List of Contributors	p. XIII
1 A First-Principles Scheme for Calculating the Electronic Structure of Strongly Correlated Materials: GW+DMFT	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 The GW Approximation	p. 4
1.2.1 Theory	p. 4
1.2.2 The GW Approximation in Practice	p. 5
1.3 Dynamical Mean Field Theory	p. 7
1.3.1 DMFT in Practice	p. 8
1.4 GW+DMFT	p. 9
1.4.1 Simplified Implementation of GW+DMFT and Application to Ferromagnetic Nickel	p. 12
1.5 Conclusions	p. 13
References	p. 15
2 A Many-body Approach to the Electronic and Optical Properties of Copper and Silver	p. 17
2.1 Introduction	p. 17
2.2 Quasiparticle Electronic Structure of Copper	p. 18
2.3 The Plasmon Resonance of Silver	p. 21
2.4 Dynamical Excitonic Effects in Metals	p. 25
2.5 Conclusions	p. 30
References	p. 30
3 Correlation Spectroscopy of Nano-size Materials	p. 32
3.1 Introduction	p. 32
3.2 Generalities	p. 33
3.3 Excitations in Finite Systems: Role of the Electron-Electron Interaction	p. 34
3.3.1 Formal Development	p. 35
3.4 Results and Discussion	p. 37
3.5 Conclusions	p. 40
References	p. 41
4 Electron-Electron Coincidence Studies on Atomic Targets: A Review of (e,2e) and (e,3e) Experiments	p. 42
4.1 Introduction	p. 42
4.2 Structure Studies	p. 43
4.3 Dynamics Studies	p. 45
4.3.1 The Optical Limit	p. 45
4.3.2 Dynamics Studies at Intermediate Energies and Intermediate Momentum Transfer	p. 47
4.4 Conclusion	p. 56
References	p. 56
5 Studying the Details of the Electron-Electron Interaction in Solids and Surfaces	p. 58
5.1 Introduction	p. 58
5.2 General Considerations	p. 58
5.3 Results and Interpretations	p. 59
5.4 Conclusions	p. 66
References	p. 66
6 Two-Electron Spectroscopy Versus Single-Electron Spectroscopy for Studying Secondary Emission from Surfaces	p. 68
6.1 Introduction	p. 68
6.2 Experimental Details of the Time-of-Flight (e,2e) Spectroscopy in Reflection Mode	p. 70
6.2.1 Experimental Set-Up	p. 70
6.2.2 Combination of Time-of-Flight Energy Measurements and Coincidence Technique	p. 71
6.2.3 Data Processing	p. 71
6.3 Experimental Results and Discussion	p. 72
6.3.1 LiF Film on Si(100)	p. 72
6.3.2 Single Crystal of W(110)	p. 74
6.3.3 Single Crystal of Si(001)	p. 79
6.4 Conclusions	p. 80
References	p. 81
7 EMS Measurement of the Valence Spectral Function of Silicon--A Test of Many-body Theory	p. 83
7.1 Introduction	p. 83
7.2 Experimental Details	p. 85
7.3 Theory	p. 88
7.3.1 Independent Particle Approximation	p. 88
7.3.2 Electron Correlation Models	p. 89
7.4 Results and Discussions	p. 90
7.4.1 Band Structure	p. 90
7.4.2 Diffraction Effects	p. 95
7.4.3 Many-body Effects	p. 97
7.5 Conclusions	p. 101
References	p. 102
8 Recent Results from ([gamma], e[gamma]) and Compton Spectroscopy	p. 105
8.1 Introduction	p. 105
8.2 Experiment	p. 106
8.3 Results and Discussion	p. 107
8.3.1 Graphite	p. 107
8.3.2 Fullerene	p. 109
8.3.3 Cu-Ni Alloy	p. 110
8.4 Lifetime Effects in Compton Scattering	p. 112
8.5 Summary	p. 115
References	p. 116
9 Theory of (e,2e) Spectroscopy from Ferromagnetic Surfaces	p. 118
9.1 Introduction	p. 118
9.2 Concepts and Formalism	p. 119
9.3 Spin and Spatial Selection Rules	p. 120
9.4 Numerical Results for Fe(110)	p. 124
References	p. 129
10 Ab-initio Calculations of Charge Exchange in Ion-surface Collisions: An Embedded-cluster Approach	p. 130
10.1 Introduction	p. 130
10.2 Convergence of the Density of States as a Function of Cluster Size	p. 132
10.3 Going beyond Hartree-Fock	p. 133
10.4 Convergence of Potential Energy Curves as a Function of Cluster Size	p. 137
10.5 Conclusions	p. 141
References	p. 142
11 Coincident Studies on Electronic Interaction Mechanisms during Scattering of Fast Atoms from a LiF(001) Surface	p. 144
11.1 Introduction	p. 144
11.2 Experimental Developments	p. 145
11.2.1 Energy Loss Spectroscopy via Time-of-Flight	p. 147
11.2.2 Electron Number Spectra	p. 147
11.3 Coincident TOF and Electron Number Spectra	p. 149
11.3.1 Studies on Near-Threshold Behavior	p. 151
11.4 Model for Electronic Excitation and Capture Processes during Scattering of Atoms from Insulator Surfaces	p. 153
11.5 Summary and Conclusions	p. 157
References	p. 158
12 Many-body Effects in Auger-Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy	p. 159
12.1 Introduction	p. 159
12.2 APECS Spectrum	p. 160
12.3 Shakeup/down and Coincidence Photoelectron Spectrum	p. 163
12.4 Coincidence L[subscript 3] Photoelectron Line of Cu Metal	p. 170
12.5 Concluding Remarks	p. 172
References	p. 172
13 Auger-Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy (APECS) of Transition Metal Compounds	p. 174
13.1 Introduction	p. 174
13.2 Experimental Aspects	p. 175
13.3 Results and Discussion	p. 176
13.4 Conclusions	p. 181
References	p. 182
14 Relevance of the Core Hole Alignment to Auger-Photoelectron Pair Angular Distributions in Solids	p. 183
14.1 Introduction	p. 183
14.2 AR-APECS Two Step Model	p. 184
14.2.1 Atomic Core Ionization and Relaxation	p. 185
14.2.2 Diffraction from Crystal Lattice	p. 186
14.3 Experimental Results	p. 188
14.3.1 Angular Discrimination	p. 189
14.3.2 Energy Discrimination	p. 191
14.3.3 Surface Sensitivity	p. 193
14.4 Conclusions	p. 195
References	p. 196
15 Auger-Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy Studies from Surfaces	p. 197
15.1 Introduction	p. 197
15.2 APECS Experiments	p. 197
15.3 Applications	p. 199
15.3.1 Broadening of Cu 2p[subscript 3/2]	p. 199
15.3.2 Broadening of Ag 3d[subscript 5/2]	p. 201
15.3.3 Disorder Broadening	p. 201
15.4 Conclusions	p. 204
References	p. 204
16 Development of New Apparatus for Electron-Polar-Angle-Resolved-Ion Coincidence Spectroscopy and Auger-Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy	p. 206
16.1 Introduction	p. 206
16.2 EICO Analyzer Using a Coaxially Symmetric Electron Energy Analyzer and a Miniature Time-of-Flight Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF-MS)	p. 208
16.2.1 Coaxially Symmetric Electron Energy Analyzer [46]	p. 208
16.2.2 Miniature Time-of-Flight Ion Mass Spectrometer (TOF-MS) [47]	p. 210
16.2.3 EICO Apparatus Using a Coaxially Symmetric Mirror Analyzer and a Miniature TOF-MS [14]	p. 210
16.3 EICO Analyzer Using a Coaxially Symmetric Mirror Analyzer and a Miniature Polar-Angle-Resolved TOF-MS [47]	p. 213
16.3.1 Miniature Polar-Angle-Resolved TOF-MS with Three Concentric Anodes [47]	p. 213
16.3.2 Electron-Polar-Angle-Resolved-Ion Coincidence Apparatus [47]	p. 214
16.4 APECS Apparatus Using a Coaxially Symmetric Mirror Analyzer and a Miniature CMA	p. 216
16.4.1 Introduction	p. 216
16.4.2 Miniature CMA [56]	p. 217
16.4.3 New APECS Apparatus [56]	p. 218
16.4.4 Application to Auger-Photoelectron Coincidence Spectroscopy [56]	p. 219
16.5 Conclusions	p. 220
References	p. 223
Appendix
Color Figures	p. 226
Index	p. 235

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Author Notes

Table of Contents