Tourism and postcolonialism : contested discourses, identities, and representations

Due to its centrality to the processes of transnational mobilities, migration and globalization, tourism studies has the potential to make a significant contribution to understanding the postcolonial experience. Drawing together theoretical and applied research, this fascinating book illuminates the links between tourism, colonialism and postcolonialism. Significantly, it creates a space for the voices of authors from postcolonial countries.

Chapters are integrated and examined through concepts taken from the wider postcolonial literature, which identify tourism not only as an international industry but also as a postcolonial cultural form, which by its very nature is based on past and present day colonial structural relationships.

The first book to explicitly explore the contribution tourism can make to the postcolonial experience, this book is an essential read for students of tourism, cultural studies and geography.

Author Notes

John S. Akama Department of Tourism, Moi University, Kenya
Hilary du Cros Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
David Timothy Duval Department of Tourism, University of Otago, New Zealand
David Fisher Department of Human Sciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand
C. Michael Hall Department of Tourism, University of Otago, New Zealand
Joan C. Henderson Nanyang Business School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Keith Hollinshead Luton Business School, The University of Luton, England
Reiner Jaakson Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Sabine Marschall University of Durban-Westville, Durban, South Africa
Beverley Ann Simmons Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Hazel Tucker Department of Tourism, University of Otago, New Zealand
Harry Wels Department of Culture, Organisation and Management, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

C. Michael Hall and Hazel TuckerKeith HollinsheadBeverley Ann SimmonsDavid Timothy DuvalHarry WelsSabine MarschallJoan C. HendersonDavid FisherJohn S. AkamaHilary Du CrosReiner JaaksonHazel Tucker and C. Michael Hall

List of contributors	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
1 Tourism and postcolonialism: an introduction	p. 1
Positioning postcolonialism	p. 3
Hegemony	p. 4
Language, text and representation	p. 6
Place, displacement and identity	p. 12
Postcoloniality and theory	p. 15
References	p. 18
2 Tourism and new sense: worldmaking and the enunciative value of tourism	p. 25
Introduction: the declarative value of tourism	p. 25
Theorising the declarative value of tourism: five thinkers	p. 26
Recap: recent research on the declarative value of tourism	p. 29
Tourism and postcolonial worlds	p. 30
New sense in the postcolonial world: tourism, Bhabha and enunciation	p. 33
Prospect: Bhabha and the worldmaking function of tourism	p. 37
Acknowledgements	p. 40
References	p. 40
3 Saying the same old things: a contemporary travel discourse and the popular magazine text	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
A contemporary travel discourse in travelogues	p. 45
A colonial discourse as travel fantasy	p. 48
How travel tensions are resolved	p. 51
Domesticity or exploration and conquest?	p. 52
Mediators and the reordering of power	p. 53
Conclusion	p. 54
References	p. 55
4 Cultural tourism in postcolonial environments: negotiating histories, ethnicities and authenticities in St Vincent, Eastern Caribbean	p. 57
Introduction	p. 57
Ethnicity and tradition	p. 59
Ethnicity, cultural tradition and tourism: some linkages	p. 61
The Carib of St Vincent - constructing histories and ethnicities	p. 62
The ethnohistory of the Carib	p. 66
Assessment and conclusion	p. 70
Acknowledgements	p. 72
References	p. 72
5 About romance and reality: popular European imagery in postcolonial tourism in southern Africa	p. 76
Introduction	p. 76
African landscapes and African Others in European imagery	p. 77
Africa(ns) on stage in Europe	p. 82
Primitive art	p. 84
The Bushmen of southern Africa: from exhibition on stage to exhibition on location	p. 87
Moving the stage from Europe to Africa in the European quest for authenticity	p. 90
Acknowledgements	p. 91
References	p. 91
6 Commodifying heritage: post-apartheid monuments and cultural tourism in South Africa	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Fascination with heritage	p. 96
Heritage, postcolonialism and tourism	p. 97
What kind of heritage attracts tourists?	p. 99
Visual appearance	p. 101
Focus on content	p. 102
Incomplete monuments	p. 103
Challenges in commodifying heritage	p. 104
Nelson Mandela as tourist attraction	p. 106
Commodification of Zulu heritage	p. 108
Conclusion	p. 109
References	p. 110
7 Tourism and British colonial heritage in Malaysia and Singapore	p. 113
Introduction	p. 113
The colonial legacy in Malaysia and Singapore	p. 114
Conserving colonial heritage	p. 116
Colonial heritage as a tourist attraction	p. 119
Conclusion	p. 122
References	p. 122
8 A colonial town for neocolonial tourism	p. 126
Introduction	p. 126
Levuka: a colonial town	p. 128
Heritage in Levuka	p. 129
Building preservation	p. 129
The purpose of buildings	p. 132
Conclusion	p. 135
References	p. 137
9 Neocolonialism, dependency and external control of Africa's tourism industry: a case study of wildlife safari tourism in Kenya	p. 140
Introduction	p. 140
Historical background: colonialism and the era of big-game hunting	p. 141
The creation of wildlife parks	p. 143
External control and postcolonial tourism	p. 145
The creation of tourism image	p. 146
Exclusion of local people from tourism	p. 149
Conclusion	p. 150
References	p. 151
10 Postcolonial conflict inherent in the involvement of cultural tourism in creating new national myths in Hong Kong	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
National myths and loaded symbols	p. 154
The treatment of culture and heritage in Hong Kong	p. 155
Marketing Hong Kong as a cultural tourism destination	p. 159
Heritage tours	p. 160
Heritage trails	p. 162
Further conflicts over new marketing proposals	p. 163
Decommissioning colonial symbols for successful use in tourism marketing	p. 164
New purpose-built East/West fusion attractions	p. 165
Conclusion	p. 166
References	p. 167
11 Globalisation and neocolonialist tourism	p. 169
Introduction	p. 169
A polarised world of rich and poor	p. 170
Globalisation	p. 171
Evolution of neocolonialist tourism	p. 173
Contrast and disappearing difference	p. 175
Fear, risk and uncertainty	p. 176
Conclusion	p. 179
References	p. 180
12 Conclusion	p. 184
Tourism relationships as an echo of colonial relationships	p. 185
Tourism scholarship as echo of colonial/postcolonial discourse	p. 187
References	p. 189
Index	p. 191

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