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Summary
Summary
An in-depth analysis of machine vibration in rotating machinery
Whether it's a compressor on an offshore platform, a turbocharger in a truck or automobile, or a turbine in a jet airplane, rotating machinery is the driving force behind almost anything that produces or uses energy. Counted on daily to perform any number of vital societal tasks, turbomachinery uses high rotational speeds to produce amazing amounts of power efficiently. The key to increasing its longevity, efficiency, and reliability lies in the examination of rotor vibration and bearing dynamics, a field called rotordynamics.
A valuable textbook for beginners as well as a handy reference for experts, Machinery Vibration and Rotordynamics is teeming with rich technical detail and real-world examples geared toward the study of machine vibration. A logical progression of information covers essential fundamentals, in-depth case studies, and the latest analytical tools used for predicting and preventing damage in rotating machinery. Machinery Vibration and Rotordynamics :
Combines rotordynamics with the applications of machinery vibration in a single volume
Includes case studies of vibration problems in several different types of machines as well as computer simulation models used in industry
Contains fundamental physical phenomena, mathematical and computational aspects, practical hardware considerations, troubleshooting, and instrumentation and measurement techniques
For students interested in entering this highly specialized field of study, as well as professionals seeking to expand their knowledge base, Machinery Vibration and Rotordynamics will serve as the one book they will come to rely upon consistently.
Author Notes
Dr. JOHN M. VANCE was professor of mechanical engineering at Texas A&M University, retiring in 2007. He received his PhD (1967) degree from The University of Texas at Austin. His book Rotordynamics of Turbomachinery (Wiley) has sold more than 3,000 copies and is used by turbomachinery engineers around the world. He is an inventor on several patents relating to rotating machinery and vibration reduction. His patented TAMSEAL has been retrofitted to solve vibration problems in a number of high-pressure industrial compressors. He is an ASME Fellow and a registered professional engineer in the state of Texas.
Dr. FOUAD Y. ZEIDAN is the President of KMC, Inc., and Bearings Plus, Inc., two companies specializing in the supply of high-performance bearings, flexible couplings, and seals. Dr. Zeidan holds nine U.S. patents for integral squeeze film dampers and high-performance journal and thrust bearings. He has published more than thirty technical papers and articles on various turbomachinery topics and has been lecturing at the Annual Machinery Vibrations and Rotordynamics short course since 1991. Dr. Zeidan holds a BS, MS, and PhD degrees in mechanical engineering from Texas A&M University.
BRIAN T. MURPHY, PhD, PE, is a senior research scientist with the Center for Electromechanics at The University of Texas at Austin. He is also president of RMA, Inc., which develops and markets the Xlrotor suite of rotordynamic analysis software used worldwide by industry and academia. Dr. Murphy is the creator of the polynomial transfer matrix method, which is the fastest known method of performing rotordynamic calculations. He has authored numerous technical papers on rotordynamics and machinery vibration, and is also caretaker of the Web site www.rotordynamics.org.
Table of Contents
| Dedication |
| Preface |
| Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Machine Vibration and Classical Solutions |
| The Main Sources of Vibration in Machinery |
| The Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) Model |
| Using Simple Models For Analysis And Diagnostics |
| Six Techniques for Solving Vibration Problems With Forced Excitation |
| 1 Identify And Reduce The Excitation Source |
| 2 Tune The Natural Frequency To A Value Further Away From The Frequency Of Excitation To Avoid Resonance |
| 3 Isolate The Modal Mass From The Vibratory Excitation By Making The Modal Stiffness Very Low |
| 4 Add Damping To The System |
| 5 Add A Vibration Absorber |
| 6 Stiffen The System |
| Some Examples with Forced Excitation |
| Illustrative Example #1 |
| Illustrative Example #2: |
| Illustrative Example #3: |
| Illustrative Example #4: |
| Some Observations about Modeling |
| Unstable Vibration |
| References |
| Exercises - Chapter 1 |
| Chapter 2 Torsional Vibration |
| Torsional Vibration Indicators |
| Torsional and Lateral Vibration - The Key Differences |
| Objectives of Torsional Vibration Analysis |
| Simplified Models |
| Computer Models |
| Kinetic Energy expression: |
| Potential Energy |
| Torsional Vibration Measurement |
| Frenc's Comparison Experiments |
| Strain Gages |
| Carrier Signal Transducers |
| Frequency-Modulated Systems |
| Amplitude-Modulated Systems |
| Frequency Analysis and the Sideband System |
| Frenc's Test Procedure and Results |
| A Special Tape for Optical Transducers |
| Time Interval Measurement Systems |
| Tora's Method |
| Barrios/Darlow Method |
| References |
| Exercises |
| Chapter 3 Introduction to Rotordynamics Analysis |
| Objectives Of Rotordynamics Analysis |
| The Spring-Mass Model |
| Synchronous And Nonsynchronous Whirl |
| Analysis Of The Jeffcott Rotor |
| Polar Coordinates |
| Cartesian Coordinates |
| Physical Significance of the Solutions |
| Three Ways to Reduce Synchronous Whirl Amplitudes |
| Some Damping Definitions |
| The "Gravity Critical" |
| Critical Speed Definitions |
| Effect Of Flexible (Soft) Supports |
| Rotordynamic Effects Of The Force Coefficients - A Summary |
| 1 The Direct Coefficients |
| 2 The Cross Coupled Coefficients |
| Rotordynamic Instability |
| Effect Of Cross-Coupled Stiffness On Unbalance Response |
| Added Complexities |
| Gyroscopic Effects |
| Effect Of Support Asymmetry On Synchronous Whirl |
| False Instabilities |
| 1 Agreement of the sub-synchronous frequency with known eigenvalues of the system |
| 2 Presence of higher harmonics or multiple frequencies |
| 3 Orbit Shape - Ellipticity |
| 4 Sub-synchronous frequency exactly one half of shaft speed |
| 5 Sub-synchronous frequency equal to a torsional natural frequency |
| 6 A change in the measured synchronous phase angle due to cross-coupled stiffness |
| References |
| Exercises |
| Chapter 4 Computer Simulations of Rotordynamics |
| Different Types Of Models |
| Bearing & Seal Matrices |
| Torsional and Axial Models |
| Different Types Of Analyses |
| Eigenanalysis |
| Linear Forced Response (LFR) |
| Transient Response |
| Shaft Modeling Recommendations |
| How Many Elements |
| 45 Degree Rule |
| Interference Fits |
| Laminations |
| Trunnions |
| Impeller Inertias via CAD Software |
| Stations for Added Weights |
| Rap Test Verification of Models |
| Stations for Bearings and Seals |
| Flexible Couplings |
| Example Simulations |
| Damped Natural Frequency Map (NDF) |
| Modal Damping Map |
| Root Locus Map |
| Undamped Critical Speed Map |
| Mode Shapes |
| Bode/Polar Response Plot |
| Orbit Response Plot |
| Bearing Load Response Plot |
| Operating Deflected Shape (ODS) |
| Housing Vibration (ips & 's) |
| List of References |
| Chapter 5 Bearings and Their Effect on Rotordynamics |
| Fluid Film Bearings |
| Fixed Geometry Sleeve Bearings |
| Variable Geometry Tilting Pad Bearings |
| Fluid Film Bearing Dynamic Coefficients and Methods of Obtaining Them |
| Load Between Pivot (LBP) vs. Load on Pivot (LOP) |
| Influence of Preload on the Dynamic Coefficients in Tilt Pad Bearings |
| Influence of the Bearing Length or Pad Length |
| Influence of the Pivot Offset |
| Influence of the Number of Pads |
| Ball and Rolling Element Bearings |
| Case Study: Bearing Support Design for a Rocket Engine Turbopump |
| Ball Bearing Stiffness Measurements |
| Wire Mesh Damper Experiments and Computer Simulations |
| Squeeze Film Dampers |
| Squeeze Film Damper without a Centering Spring |
| O-Ring Supported Dampers |
| Squirrel Cage Supported Dampers |
| Integral Squeeze Film Dampers |
| Squeeze Film Damper Rotordynamic Force Coefficients |
| Applications of Squeeze Film Dampers |
| Optimization for Improving Stability in a Centrifugal Process Compressor |
| Using Dampers to Improve the Synchronous Response |
| Using the Damper to Shift a Critical Speed or a Resonance |
| Insights into the Rotor Bearing Dynamic Interaction with Soft/Stiff Bearing Supports |
| Influence on Natural Frequencies with Soft/Stiff Bearing Supports |
| Effects of Mass Distribution on the Critical Speeds with Soft/Stiff Bearing Supports |
| Influence of Overhung Mass on Natural Frequencies with Soft/Stiff Supports |
| Influence of Gyroscopic Moments on Natural Frequencies with Soft/Stiff bearing supports |
| Exercises |
| References |
| Chapter 6 Fluid Seals and Their Effect on Rotordynamics |
| Function and Classification of Seals |
| Plain Smooth Seals |
| Floating Ring Seals |
| Conventional Gas Labyrinth Seals |
| Pocket Damper Seals |
| Honeycomb Seals |
| Hole Pattern Seals |
| Brush Seals |
| Understanding and Modeling Damper Seal Force Coefficients |
| Alfor's Hypothesis of Labyrinth Seal Damping |
| Cross-Coupled Stiffness Measurements |
| Invention of the Pocket Damper Seal |
| Pocket Damper Seal Theory |
| Rotordynamic Testing of Pocket Damper Seals |
| Impedance Measurements of Pocket Damper Seal Force Coefficients (Stiffness and Damping) and Leakage at Low Pressures |
| The Fully Partitioned PDS Design |
| Effects of Negative Stiffness |
| Frequency Dependence of Damper Seals |
| Laboratory Measurements of Stiffness and Damping from Pocket Damper Seals at High Pressures |
| The Conventional Design |
| The Fully Partitioned Design |
| Field Experience with Pocket Damper Seals |
| Designing for Desired Force Coefficient Characteristics |
| The Conventional PDS Design |
| The Fully Partitioned Pocket Damper Seal |
| Leakage Considerations |
| Some Comparisons of Different Types of Annular Gas Seals |
| Sources |
| References |
| Chapter 7 History of Machinery Rotordynamics |
| The Foundation Years, 1869-1941 |
| Summary |
| Shaft Dynamics |
| Bearings |
| Refining and Expanding The Rotordynamic Model, 1942-1963 |
| Multi-Stage Compressors and Turbines, Rocket Engine Turbopumps, and Damper Seals, 1964 - Present |
| Stability Problems With Multi-Stage Centrifugal Compressors |
| Kaybob, 1971-72 |
| Ekofisk, 1974-75 |
| Subsequent Developments |
| New Frontiers of Speed and Power Density With Rocket Engine Turbopumps |
| The Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) High-Pressure Fuel Turbopump (HPFTP) Rotordynamic Instability Problem |
| Non-Contacting Damper Seals |
| List of references |
