Cover image for Electronic imaging technology
Title:
Electronic imaging technology
Publication Information:
Bellingham, Wash. : SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1999
ISBN:
9780819430373
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30000004786574 TA1637 E44 1999 Open Access Book Book
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30000004564369 TA1637 E44 1999 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

This text provides an overview of electronic imaging systems, technology, and practical applications. Written by industry experts, its chapters explore a variety of systems and applications ranging from video compression and handwritten word recognition to colour science and hardware architecture.


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Choice Review

Because this book was published by SPIE Optical Engineering Press, part of the International Society for Optical Engineering, it is primarily for readers interested in applied, industrial electronic imaging technology. Beginning with a brief history of the subject in an introductory chapter that presents applications of image processing, the book moves on to cover, in ten distinct chapters, such topics as video compression standards, multimedia systems, color image processing, enhancement of digital documents, handwritten word and document recognition, and optical and mechanical systems for scanning and digital half toning. Each chapter includes illustrations and ends with an informative list of bibliographical references, all of which are most helpful given the technical nature of the book. Many of the contributing authors are editors for the SPIE/IS&T (Society for Imaging Science and Technology) Journal of Electronic Imaging, culminating in a highly technical book written in a straightforward manner, to help the advanced student/professional in the electronic imaging industry obtain a broader overview of the field. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; two-year technical program students. J. Natal; Columbia College (IL)


Table of Contents

Chapter 1 IntroductionRobert Weeks
1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Applications of Image Processing
1.3 Image Formation
1.4 Sampling and Quantization
1.5 Image Neighbors and Distances
References
Chapter 2 Video Compression StandardsFerran Marques and Philippe Salembier
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Algorithms for Video Compression
2.2.1 Predictive techniques for video compression
2.2.2 Transform techniques for video compression
2.2.3 Hybrid predictive-transform techniques for video compression
2.2.3.1 General scheme of a hybrid encoder-decoder
2.2.3.2 Image prediction for video compression using motion information
2.2.3.3 Block matching approach for motion estimation and compensation
2.2.3.4 Fast algorithms
2.2.3.5 Motion information coding
2.2.3.6 Prediction error coding
2.2.3.7 Frame interpolation using motion information
2.2.3.8 Frame coding using bi-directional prediction
2.3 Current Video Compression Standards
2.3.1 H.261: A standard for videophone applications
2.3.2 MPEG-1: A generic standard for coding of moving pictures for media up to about 1.5 Mbits/s
2.3.3 MPEG-2: Generic coding of moving pictures
2.3.4 H.263: Video codec for narrow channels ([ 64 kbits/s)
2.4 MPEG-4: A Standard Under Development
2.4.1 MPEG-4: A new set of functionalities
2.4.2 MPEG-4 natural video
2.4.3 Video object plane information coding
2.4.4 Combined mode and separate mode
2.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 3 Multimedia SystemsIrek Defee
3.1 Multimedia Systems in General
3.2 Multimedia Applications
3.3 Multimedia Technology Taxonomy
3.4 Multimedia System Requirements
3.5 Personal Computers and Multimedia
3.5.1 Multimedia extensions to microprocessors
3.5.2 Architecture of the PC mainboard
3.6 Multimedia Terminals
3.7 Operating Systems for Multimedia
3.8 Storage Devices
3.9 Media Servers
3.10 Multimedia Networking
3.11 Software and Standards
3.12 System Integration
3.13 Future Developments
References
Chapter 4 Vision and VisualizationRobert Moorhead and Penny Rheingans
4.1 Vision
4.1.1 Physiology of the human visual system
4.1.1.1 The eye
4.1.1.2 The brain
4.1.2 Characteristics of human visual perception
4.1.3 Cognitive influences on perception
4.2 Visualization
4.2.1 Types of visualization
4.2.2 Types of data
4.2.3 Mappings
4.2.3.1 Color mapping or pseudo coloring
4.2.3.2 Contouring
4.2.3.3 Isosurfaces
4.2.3.4 Volume rendering
4.2.3.5 Vector visualization
4.2.4 Viewing
4.2.4.1 Softcopy viewing
4.2.4.2 Hardcopy viewing
4.3 Perceptual Principles for Visualization Design
4.3.1 Avoiding unwanted interactions
4.3.2 Designing effective colormaps
4.4 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Color Image ProcessingRobert Weeks
5.1 Color Fundamentals
5.2 Color Models
5.3 Examples of Color Image Processing
5.4 Pseudocoloring and Color Displays
References
Chapter 6 Enhancement of Digital DocumentsRobert P. Loce and Edward R. Dougherty
6.1 The Field of Spatial Resolution Conversion and Enhancement
6.1.1 Other image quality issues
6.2 Document Enhancement
6.2.1 Inferential and noninferential image enhancement
6.2.2 Enhancement by quantization range conversion and redefinition. The contour restoration problem
6.2.3 Methods of writing enhanced pixels
6.3 Binary Image Filters
6.4 Basic Document Processing Operations
6.4.1 Thickening character strokes that are too thin
6.4.2 Thinning character strokes that are too thick
6.4.3 Characters with holes or breaks
6.4.4 Black point noise removal
6.5 Spatial Resolution Conversion and Enhancement
6.5.1 Categories of resolution conversion
6.5.2 Resolution conversion by multiple parallel filters
6.5.2.1 Integer conversion
6.5.2.2 Noninteger conversion
6.5.3 Resolution conversion by filtering in the resampled space
References
Chapter 7 Digital Halftoning for Printing and Display of Electronic ImagesRobert P. Loce and Paul G. Roetling and Ying-wei Lin
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical Perspective and Overview
7.2.1 Analog screening
7.2.2 Template dots
7.2.3 Noise encoding
7.2.4 Ordered dither
7.2.5 Error diffusion
7.3 Visual Perception
7.4 Methods of Halftoning
7.4.1 Noise encoding
7.4.2 Ordered dither
7.4.2.1 Implementation
7.4.2.2 Dispersed-dot ordered dither
7.4.2.3 Clustered-dot ordered dither
7.4.2.3.1 Dot growth pattern and tone reproduction, and stability
7.4.2.3.2 Schematic of analog screen generator for line screen halftoning
7.4.2.4 Screen frequency vs. number of gray levels
7.4.2.5 Halftoning, sampling, and aliasing
7.4.3 Erro diffusion
7.4.3.1 Fundamental algorithm
7.4.3.2 Modifications of error diffusion
7.4.3.3 Mathematical description of error diffusion and edge sharpening effects
References
Chapter 8 Document RecognitionJohn C. Handley
8.1 Document Image Analysis and Understanding
8.2 Runlength Smoothing Algorithm and Variants
8.3 Background Covering
8.4 Document Decoding
8.5 X-Y Trees
8.6 Table Recognition: Identification and Analysis
8.7 Form Recognition
8.8 Font Identification
8.8.1 Font extraction by morphological methods
8.8.2 Projection profiles
8.9 Conclusion
8.10 Appendix
References
Chapter 9 Lexicon-Driven Handwritten Word RecognitionPaul D. Gader
9.1 Background
9.1.1 What is lexicon-driven handwritten word recognition?
9.1.2 Why is handwritten word recognition difficult?
9.1.3 Overview of typical system
9.2 Segmentation Approaches
9.3 Character Level Processing
9.3.1 Features
9.3.2 Character confidence assignment
9.4 Word Level Processing
9.4.1 Dynamic programming matching to lexicons
9.4.2 Estimation of word-level confidence from character level confidence
9.4.2.1 Baseline dynamic programming algorithm revisited
9.4.2.2 Robust matching algorithm
9.5 Experimental Results
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 ScanningYing-wei and Joseph P. Taillie and Leon C. Williams
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamentals of the Scanning and Digitization Process
10.2.1 Overview
10.2.2 Scanning and sampling
10.2.3 Quantization
10.3 Optical and Mechanical Systems
10.3.1 Paper original support
10.3.2 Illumination system
10.3.2.1 Halogen lamp
10.3.2.2 Fluorescent lamp
10.3.2.3 LED array
10.3.2.4 Power supply
10.3.3 Optical system
10.3.3.1 Reduction system
10.3.3.2 Full-page width systems
10.3.3.3 Wide body systems
10.3.4 Mechanical system
10.4 Image Sensor
10.4.1 CCD sensors
10.4.2 Contact sensors
10.4.3 Color CCD sensors
10.4.4 Color separation
10.5 Electronics
10.5.1 A/D conversion
10.5.2 Non-uniformity correction
10.6 Factors Affecting Scanned Image Quality
10.6.1 Scanner MTF
10.6.2 Scanned image noise
10.6.3 Motion quality
10.6.4 Color accuracy
10.6.4.1 Color filters
10.6.4.2 Scanner color calibration
10.6.5 Other factors
10.7 Image Processing
10.7.1 Scaling
10.7.2 Background compensation
10.7.3 Edge enhancement
10.7.4 Descreening
10.7.5 Image segmentation
10.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Hardware Architecture for Image ProcessingDivyendu Sinha and Edward R. Dougherty
11.1 Parallelism
11.1.1 Classification based on instruction and data streams
11.1.2 Classification based on instruction set
11.1.3 Cache
11.2 Pipelined Processors
11.2.1 General principles
11.2.2 Instruction pipelining
11.2.3 Case study: convolution
11.2.4 Case study: morphological gradient
11.2.5 Superpipelining
11.3 Multiple Processors
11.3.1 Program partitioning and scheduling
11.3.2 Case study: convolution
11.4 Massively Parallel Architectures
11.5 Performance Laws
11.6 AISI'S Ais Processors
11.6.1 Linear array processing system
11.6.2 Processing elements
11.6.3 Processor operation
11.6.4 Hit-or-miss transform
11.6.5 OCR application
11.7 ITI'S MVC 150/40 Processor
11.7.1 Image management
11.7.2 Computational acceleration modules
References