Human factors in lighting

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Title:

Personal Author:

Boyce, Peter R.

Publication Information:

London : Taylor & Francis, 2003

ISBN:

9780748409495

Subject Term:

Light -- Physiological effect

Lighting -- Physiological aspects

Visual perception

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000010023726	TH7725 B69 2003	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown
Searching... PSZ KL	30000010074945	TH7725 B69 2003	Open Access Book	Book	Searching... Unknown

The availability of electric lighting has changed the lives of people the world over and lighting is a major consumer of energy, yet little has been written about the forms of lighting that can alter human visual capabilities and enhance productivity, ensure comfort and create appropriate lighting conditions. It is important to understand the forms of lighting available, and their appropriateness to specific activities, in order to apply the technology most effectively.

This book is a comprehensive review of the interaction of people and lighting and supercedes the author's classic Human Factors in Lighting. The technology has changed markedly in recent years with the introduction of new light sources and new methods of light distribution. The significance of specialist lighting applications, such as photobiology, are now becoming better understood. The nature of work itself has changed, and hence so have lighting requirements. Equally, the development of the technology has created new opportunities for improving peoples' work and leisure environments.

Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Part I Fundamentals	p. 1
1 Light	p. 3
1.1 Introduction	p. 3
1.2 Light and radiation	p. 3
1.3 The CIE standard observers	p. 5
1.4 Photometric quantities	p. 6
1.5 Some limitations	p. 10
1.6 Colorimetric quantities	p. 12
1.6.1 The CIE colorimetry system	p. 12
1.6.2 Color order systems	p. 18
1.6.3 Application metrics	p. 21
1.7 Sources of light	p. 27
1.7.1 Natural light	p. 27
1.7.2 Artificial light--flame sources	p. 30
1.7.3 Artificial light sources--electric/general illumination	p. 31
1.7.4 Light source characteristics	p. 36
1.7.5 Artificial light sources--electric-signs and -signals	p. 36
1.8 Control of light distribution	p. 41
1.9 Control of light output	p. 41
1.10 Summary	p. 42
2 The visual system	p. 44
2.1 Introduction	p. 44
2.2 The structure of the visual system	p. 44
2.2.1 The visual field	p. 44
2.2.2 Eye movements	p. 45
2.2.3 Optics of the eye	p. 46
2.2.4 The structure of the retina	p. 50
2.2.5 The functioning of the retina	p. 52
2.2.6 The central visual pathways	p. 54
2.2.7 Color vision	p. 56
2.2.8 Conclusions	p. 60
2.3 Continuous adjustments of the visual system	p. 60
2.3.1 Adaptation	p. 60
2.3.2 Photopic, scotopic, and mesopic vision	p. 63
2.3.3 Accommodation	p. 66
2.4 Capabilities of the visual system	p. 67
2.4.1 Threshold measures	p. 68
2.4.2 Factors determining visual threshold	p. 70
2.4.3 Spatial thresholds	p. 71
2.4.4 Temporal thresholds	p. 79
2.4.5 Color thresholds	p. 82
2.5 Interactions	p. 84
2.6 Perception through the visual system	p. 87
2.6.1 The perceptual constancies	p. 88
2.6.2 Modes of appearance	p. 92
2.7 Summary	p. 93
3 The circadian system	p. 95
3.1 Introduction	p. 95
3.2 The structure of the circadian system	p. 96
3.2.1 The retina	p. 97
3.2.2 The suprachiasmatic nuclei	p. 100
3.2.3 The pineal gland	p. 100
3.3 Characteristics of the circadian system	p. 101
3.4 Models of the circadian system	p. 103
3.5 Effects of light exposure on the circadian system	p. 104
3.6 The amount of light	p. 106
3.7 The consequences of trying to work in circadian night	p. 109
3.8 Caveats	p. 117
3.9 Summary	p. 118
Part II Generalities	p. 121
4 Lighting and work	p. 123
4.1 Why lighting matters	p. 123
4.2 An overview	p. 123
4.3 Methods of studying light and work	p. 129
4.3.1 Field studies of light and work	p. 130
4.3.2 Simulated work	p. 134
4.3.3 Analytical methods	p. 135
4.3.4 The visibility approach	p. 140
4.3.5 The relative visual performance model	p. 141
4.3.6 Some limitations	p. 153
4.4 Prolonged work	p. 155
4.4.1 Fatigue	p. 155
4.4.2 Mood changes	p. 159
4.4.3 Conclusions	p. 159
4.5 Summary	p. 160
5 Lighting and visual discomfort	p. 162
5.1 Introduction	p. 162
5.2 The characteristics of visual discomfort	p. 162
5.3 General causes of visual discomfort	p. 163
5.4 Specific causes of visual discomfort	p. 165
5.4.1 Uniformity	p. 165
5.4.2 Glare	p. 169
5.4.3 Veiling reflections	p. 181
5.4.4 Shadows	p. 184
5.4.5 Flicker	p. 184
5.5 Discomfort, performance, and behavior	p. 186
5.6 Visual discomfort and lighting quality	p. 188
5.7 Summary	p. 191
6 Lighting and the perception of spaces and objects	p. 192
6.1 Introduction	p. 192
6.2 Simple perceptions	p. 194
6.2.1 Lightness	p. 194
6.2.2 Brightness	p. 195
6.2.3 Visual clarity?	p. 204
6.2.4 Color appearance	p. 206
6.3 Higher-order perceptions	p. 209
6.3.1 The correlation method	p. 209
6.3.2 Multi-dimensional methods	p. 210
6.4 The perception of objects	p. 219
6.5 Summary	p. 220
Part III Specifics	p. 223
7 Lighting for offices	p. 225
7.1 Introduction	p. 225
7.2 Illuminance	p. 226
7.3 Light sources for office lighting	p. 232
7.3.1 Daylight	p. 232
7.3.2 Electric light sources	p. 238
7.4 Lighting systems	p. 250
7.4.1 Daylight delivery systems	p. 250
7.4.2 Electric lighting delivery systems	p. 256
7.5 Lighting controls	p. 266
7.5.1 Window lighting controls	p. 266
7.5.2 Manual electric lighting controls	p. 267
7.5.3 Automatic electric lighting controls	p. 272
7.6 Summary	p. 274
8 Lighting for industry	p. 277
8.1 Introduction	p. 277
8.2 The problems facing lighting in industry	p. 277
8.3 General lighting	p. 279
8.4 Localized and task lighting	p. 285
8.5 Visual inspection	p. 285
8.6 Special situations	p. 297
8.7 Summary	p. 300
9 Escape lighting	p. 301
9.1 Introduction	p. 301
9.2 Escape lighting in context	p. 301
9.2.1 Information on the presence of a hazard	p. 302
9.2.2 Information on the recommended course of action	p. 304
9.2.3 Information on carrying out the recommended course of action	p. 305
9.3 Operating conditions	p. 305
9.4 Exit signs	p. 306
9.5 Escape route lighting	p. 311
9.5.1 Ceiling- and wall-mounted luminaires	p. 311
9.5.2 Path-marking	p. 315
9.6 Special situations	p. 318
9.6.1 Smoke	p. 319
9.6.2 People with color defective vision	p. 330
9.6.3 People with low vision	p. 333
9.6.4 People with limited mobility	p. 335
9.7 Escape lighting in practice	p. 336
9.8 Summary	p. 337
10 Lighting for driving	p. 339
10.1 Introduction	p. 339
10.2 The value of light	p. 339
10.3 Vehicle lighting	p. 346
10.3.1 Signal and marking lighting	p. 346
10.3.2 Forward lighting	p. 349
10.4 Road lighting	p. 360
10.5 Tunnel lighting	p. 374
10.6 Signals, signs, and messages	p. 378
10.7 Rain, fog, and snow	p. 387
10.8 Summary	p. 392
11 Lighting and crime	p. 395
11.1 Introduction	p. 395
11.2 Lighting and the incidence of crime	p. 395
11.3 The reason why	p. 404
11.4 Essential characteristics of lighting	p. 406
11.4.1 Illuminance	p. 407
11.4.2 Illuminance uniformity	p. 414
11.4.3 Glare	p. 415
11.4.4 Light source color	p. 415
11.4.5 Design approaches	p. 420
11.5 Special situations	p. 421
11.5.1 Fenced areas	p. 421
11.5.2 Gatehouses	p. 422
11.5.3 Unfenced areas	p. 422
11.5.4 Facade lighting	p. 423
11.5.5 Closed circuit television	p. 423
11.6 Generalization and value	p. 424
11.7 Summary	p. 425
12 Lighting for the elderly	p. 428
12.1 Introduction	p. 428
12.2 Optical changes with age	p. 428
12.3 Neural changes with age	p. 432
12.4 Low vision	p. 432
12.5 The aging of the circadian system	p. 437
12.6 The effects of age on visual performance	p. 438
12.7 What can be done to offset the effects of age?	p. 445
12.7.1 Changing the optics	p. 445
12.7.2 Changing the task	p. 446
12.7.3 Changing the lighting	p. 450
12.7.4 Eliminating the task	p. 455
12.8 Summary	p. 456
13 Light and health	p. 458
13.1 Introduction	p. 458
13.2 Light as radiation	p. 458
13.2.1 Tissue damage	p. 458
13.2.2 Threshold limit values	p. 467
13.2.3 Hazardous light sources	p. 469
13.2.4 Practical considerations	p. 471
13.2.5 Special groups	p. 472
13.2.6 Phototherapy	p. 473
13.2.7 Aging effects	p. 474
13.3 Light operating through the visual system	p. 475
13.3.1 Eyestrain	p. 475
13.3.2 Migraine	p. 476
13.3.3 Autism	p. 478
13.4 Light operating through the circadian system	p. 478
13.4.1 Sleep	p. 478
13.4.2 Seasonally affective disorder	p. 479
13.4.3 Alzheimer's disease	p. 481
13.5 Light as a purifier	p. 483
13.6 Summary	p. 486
14 Codes and consequences	p. 489
14.1 Introduction	p. 489
14.2 Laws, regulations, codes, guides, and practices	p. 491
14.3 Trends in lighting recommendations	p. 494
14.4 Consequences	p. 497
14.4.1 Lighting and energy	p. 497
14.4.2 Lighting and chemical pollution	p. 502
14.4.3 Light pollution	p. 504
14.5 Summary	p. 512
15 The way ahead	p. 514
15.1 Introduction	p. 514
15.2 The limitations of the past	p. 514
15.3 Approaches and measures	p. 515
15.4 Areas of application	p. 519
15.5 Why bother?	p. 520
15.6 Summary	p. 521
References	p. 522
Index	p. 573

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