Membrane processes for water reuse

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COST-EFFECTIVE MEMBRANE SOLUTIONS FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER REUSE APPLICATIONS

Written by a water and wastewater industry expert with more than 35 years of experience, this book describes how membrane technology can be used alone, coupled with aerobic or anaerobic processes, or as integrated membrane systems to process treated municipal effluent or industrial wastewater for discharge, recycle, or reuse.

After reviewing chemistry fundamentals and basic principles, Membrane Processes for Water Reuse covers microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and membrane coupled bioprocesses. The design, sizing, and selection of membrane technologiesfor water recycling and reuse applications is discussed in detail. Wastewater reuse case studies and example problems illustrate the concepts presented in this practical,authoritative guide.

Coverage includes:

Water reuse overview Water quality Basic concepts of membrane filtration processes Low pressure membrane technology--microfiltrationand ultrafiltration Diffusive membrane technologies--nanofiltrationand reverse osmosis Membrane-coupled bioprocess Design of membrane systems for water recycling and reuse Future trends and challenges

Author Notes

Anthony Wachinski, Ph.D. , has more than 35 years of experience in the water and wastewater industry and is currently senior vice president and technical director for Pall Water Processing. He has worked in government, academia, and private industry as a professional engineer, consultant, associate professor of civil engineering, principle research investigator, and expert witness. Dr. Wachinski has experience in research and development, program and project management, new product development, technology acquisition and transfer, and water product certification and verification. He holds numerous patents and has authored more than 40 professional papers, along with three books for AWWA, and is a certified forensic examiner for the Department of Homeland Security.

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Acronyms	p. xv
1 Water Reuse Overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Water Scarcity	p. 2
Water Supply	p. 3
Water Demand	p. 3
Water Scarcity Solutions	p. 5
Water Reuse Technology Overview	p. 9
Conventional Water Treatment Technology	p. 10
Conventional Wastewater Technology	p. 11
Membrane Technology	p. 13
2 Water Quality	p. 15
Introduction	p. 15
Basic Chemistry Review	p. 15
Fundamental Concepts	p. 15
Bonding	p. 17
Ionization	p. 17
Complex Ions-Ligands	p. 18
Ionic Strength	p. 18
Chelation	p. 18
Adsorption	p. 19
Symbols, Formulas, and Equations	p. 20
Bar Graphs	p. 21
Units of Expression	p. 23
Solutions	p. 25
Nomenclature	p. 26
Gas Laws	p. 26
Dilutions	p. 30
Sampling	p. 30
Chemicals Used in Wastewater Reuse	p. 31
Coagulants	p. 31
Coagulant Aids	p. 39
Chemicals Used to Raise Alkalinity	p. 40
Water Reuse Standards	p. 41
AWWA Standards	p. 43
Wastewater Reuse Source Waters	p. 44
Important Characteristics of Raw and Treated Wastewaters	p. 45
Terminology Relevant to Basic Chemistry Review	p. 75
3 Basic Concepts	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Terminology and Definitions	p. 84
Low Pressure Membranes-Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration	p. 85
Transmembrane Pressure	p. 88
Flux	p. 89
Turbidity Effects	p. 90
Integrity Testing	p. 90
Membrane Fouling	p. 91
Temperature Effects	p. 92
Membrane Materials	p. 95
Membrane Modules	p. 96
High-Performance Low Pressure Membranes-Theoretical Considerations	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
Attributes Contributing to the Enhancement of Flux	p. 99
Diffusive Membranes-NF and RO	p. 109
Transmembrane Pressure	p. 111
Net Driving Pressure	p. 112
Turbidity Effects	p. 112
Integrity Testing	p. 112
Membrane Fouling	p. 113
Temperature Effects	p. 113
Membrane Materials	p. 114
Membrane Modules	p. 114
4 Low Pressure Membrane Technology-Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Water Quality	p. 119
MF and UF Removal Efficiency	p. 120
M/F Filtration Configurations	p. 124
Dead-End Filtration	p. 124
Pressure vs. Vacuum	p. 127
Design Flux	p. 128
Flux Reduction in Cold Water	p. 128
Membrane Materials	p. 129
Chemical and Oxidant Compatibility	p. 132
Hollow Fiber Modules	p. 132
Hollow Fiber (MF and UF) Systems	p. 135
Applications	p. 136
Membrane Systems	p. 138
Operation	p. 138
Reverse Filtration (Backwash)	p. 141
Chemical Cleaning	p. 142
System Recovery	p. 143
Integrity Testing of Low Pressure Membranes	p. 143
Residuals Characteristics and Management	p. 146
5 Diffusive Membrane Technology-Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis	p. 149
Introduction	p. 149
Terminology and Definitions	p. 149
Feed Water Quality	p. 154
NF and RO Flux	p. 155
Membrane Materials	p. 155
Modules	p. 155
Pretreatment	p. 159
Prefiltration	p. 159
Chemical Conditioning	p. 162
6 Membrane-Coupled Bioprocesses	p. 165
Introduction	p. 165
Conventional Activated Sludge-Low Pressure Membrane Process	p. 165
Sequencing Batch Reactor-Low Pressure Membrane Process (SBR-LPM)-Aqua-Aerobic Systems' AquaMB Process	p. 168
High Rate Anaerobic Coupled Bioprocesses	p. 170
Membrane Bioreactor Process	p. 171
Municipal Wastewater Primary Effluent Coupled Low Pressure Membrane	p. 174
7 Design of Membrane Systems for Water Recycling and Reuse	p. 177
Introduction	p. 177
Membrane Application Flow Schemes	p. 177
System Design Considerations	p. 177
Design Recovery	p. 186
Integrity Testing	p. 186
Continuous Indirect Integrity Monitoring System	p. 188
Determination of Minimum Number of Equivalent Broken Fibers	p. 189
Pretreatment	p. 190
Clean in Place, Chemically Enhanced Backwash, and Neutralization Considerations	p. 191
Chemical Bulk Storage Tanks	p. 192
Chemical Conditioning	p. 192
Direct Coagulation vs. Sedimentation	p. 193
Posttreatment	p. 194
System Reliability	p. 195
Residuals Treatement and Disposal	p. 198
Guidelines for Applying Polymers in Membrane Treatment	p. 202
Guidelines	p. 202
Notes	p. 202
Case Study 7.1: Singapore Public Utilities Board NEWater Project, Republic of Singapore	p. 203
Case Study 7.2: Water Reuse for Drought-Proof Industrial Water Supply in San Diego	p. 205
Case Study 7.3: Cleaner, Purer Water-Membrane Separation Provides Recovery of High Value Products and Transforms Wastewater into a Renewable Water Resource	p. 207
Demand for Pure Water	p. 207
Recycling Water for Wineries in Sonoma County	p. 208
Aquifer Storage and Recovery in Arizona	p. 209
Watershed and Marine Protection in New York	p. 209
Macroelectronics Industry Conserving Water Supplies in California	p. 209
Water Reuse and Economic Development in Chandler, Arizona	p. 210
Recycle and Reuse Water: Membrane Filtration as a Practical Solution	p. 211
Case Study 7.4: Water Reuse via MF/RO-Integrated Microfiltration/Reverse Osmosis System Recycles Secondary Effluent Wastewater to Combat Water Scarcity	p. 212
Challenge	p. 212
Solution	p. 212
Results	p. 213
Case Study 7.5: Water Reclamation for Groundwater Recharge	p. 215
Case Study 7.6: Water Reuse via Dual Membrane Technology-Water Company Supplies RO Quality Water from Treated Effluent	p. 217
Challenge	p. 217
Solution	p. 217
Value Delivered	p. 219
Chemical Usage Data	p. 219
Case Study 7.7: Membrane Design and Optimization for Treating Variable Wastewater Sources	p. 220
Keywords	p. 220
Introduction	p. 220
MF Membrane Technology	p. 221
MF System Technology	p. 222
Variable Wastewater Sources and Usage	p. 223
Cost of Recycled Water vs. Treatment Capacity	p. 228
Conclusion	p. 228
References	p. 229
Case Study 7.8: High Purity Water from Tidal Canal-Water Company Supplies High Purity Boiler Feed Water with Membrane/Membrane Technology	p. 230
Challenge	p. 230
Solution	p. 230
Value Delivered	p. 231
Conclusion	p. 231
8 Future Trends and Challenges	p. 233
Introduction	p. 233
Target Opportunities for Water Reuse	p. 234
Technologies	p. 235
Public Perception Challenges-Indirect Potable Reuse	p. 236
Challenges Associated with the Cost of Water	p. 238
A Jar Test Procedures	p. 239
B Tables and Conversion Factors	p. 245
C Atomic Numbers and Atomic Weights	p. 253
D Examples of State Water Reuse Criteria for Selected Nonpotable Applications	p. 257
E The National Pretreatment Program and Expanding Source Control	p. 263
F State Websites	p. 271
G California Code of Regulations, Title 17	p. 279
H California Code of Regulations, Title 22	p. 283
I Guidelines for Water Reuse Applications	p. 305
J Development of a Comprehensive Integrity Verification Manual	p. 309
K Overview of Bubble Point Theory	p. 337
L Direct Integrity Testing	p. 341
Glossary	p. 405
Reference	p. 429
Index	p. 435

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Table of Contents