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Cover image for Mathematics manual for water and wastewater treatment plant operators
Title:
Mathematics manual for water and wastewater treatment plant operators
Personal Author:
Series:
Mathematics manual for water and wastewater treatment plant operators
Edition:
2nd ed.
Publication Information:
Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2014
Physical Description:
xv, 278 p. ; 24 cm.
ISBN:
9781482224252

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30000010345529 TD430 S64 2014 v.1 Open Access Book Book
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30000010340818 TD430 S64 2014 v.1 Open Access Book Book
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Summary

Summary

To properly operate a waterworks or wastewater treatment plant and to pass the examination for a waterworks/wastewater operator's license, it is necessary to know how to perform certain calculations. All operators, at all levels of licensure, need a basic understanding of arithmetic and problem-solving techniques to solve the problems they typically encounter in the workplace.

Hailed on its first publication as a masterly account written in an engaging, highly readable, user-friendly style, the Mathematics Manual for Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operators, Second Edition has been expanded and divided into three specialized texts that contain hundreds of worked examples presented in a step-by-step format. They are ideal for all levels of water treatment operators in training and practitioners studying for advanced licensure. In addition, they provide a handy desk reference and handheld guide for daily use in making operational math computations.

This first volume, Basic Mathematics for Water and Wastewater Operators, introduces and reviews fundamental concepts critical to qualified operators. Presented at a basic level, this volume reviews fractions and decimals, rounding numbers, significant digits, raising numbers to powers, averages, proportions, conversion factors, flow and detention time, and the areas and volumes of different shapes. It also explains how to keep track of units of measurement (such as inches, feet, and gallons) during the calculations. After building a strong foundation based on theoretical math concepts, the text moves on to applied math--basic math concepts applied in solving practical problems for both water and wastewater operations. The material is presented using clear explanations in manageable portions to make learning quick and easy, and illustrative real-world problems are provided that correlate to modern practice and design.


Author Notes

Frank R. Spellman, PhD, is a retired assistant professor of environmental health at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, and the author of more than 90 books covering topics ranging from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to all areas of environmental science and occupational health. He consults on homeland security vulnerability assessments for critical infrastructures, including water/wastewater facilities, and conducts audits for Occupational Safety and Health Administration and Environmental Protection Agency inspections throughout the country. Dr. Spellman lectures on sewage treatment, water treatment, and homeland security, as well as on safety topics, throughout the country and teaches water/wastewater operator short courses at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg.


Table of Contents

Prefacep. xi
Authorp. xv
Chapter 1 Introductionp. 1
The 411 on Mathematicsp. 1
Math Terminology and Definitionsp. 1
Calculation Stepsp. 3
Key Wordsp. 3
Calculatorsp. 3
Dimensional Analysisp. 4
Basic Operation 1p. 4
Basic Operation 2p. 5
Basic Operation 3p. 5
Chapter 2 Basic Units of Measurement and Conversionsp. 9
Setting the Stagep. 9
Units of Measurementp. 9
Conversion Factorsp. 10
Weight, Concentration, and Flowp. 11
Conversionsp. 13
Typical Water/Wastewater Conversion Examplesp. 14
Temperature Conversionsp. 21
Population Equivalent or Unit Loading Factorp. 25
Specific Gravity and Densityp. 26
Flowp. 30
Key Factors in Calculating Flow Problem Solutionsp. 31
Flow through a Channelp. 31
Flow through a Pipelinep. 32
Detention Timep. 39
Chemical Addition Conversionsp. 42
Required Amount of Chemical (Active Ingredient)p. 42
Required Amount of Chemical (Inactive Ingredient)p. 43
Dry Chemical Feed Ratep. 43
Liquid Chemical Feed Ratep. 43
Wire-to-Water Calculationsp. 44
Horsepower and Energy Costsp. 45
Water Horsepowerp. 45
Brake Horsepowerp. 46
Motor Horsepowerp. 46
Electrical Powerp. 46
Power Factorp. 47
Advanced Units of Measurement and Conversionsp. 49
Conversion Factors and SI Unitsp. 49
Conversion Factor Tablesp. 51
Water/Wastewater Conversion Examplesp. 51
Temperature Conversion Examplesp. 69
Conversion Factors for Air Pollution Measurementsp. 72
Conversion from ppm to ¿g/m 3p. 72
Conversion Tables for Common Air Pollution Measurementsp. 74
Soil Test Results Conversion Factorsp. 75
Greenhouse Gas Emission Numbers to Equivalent Units and Carbon Sequestrationp. 78
Electricity Reductions (Kilowatt-Hours)p. 78
Emission Factorp. 79
Passenger Vehicles per Yearp. 79
Gallons of Gasoline Consumedp. 79
Therms of Natural Gasp. 80
Barrels of Oil Consumedp. 80
Tanker Trucks Filled with Gasolinep. 80
Number of Tree Seedlings Grown for 10 Yearsp. 81
Acres of U.S. Forests Storing Carbon for One Yearp. 82
Conversion Factors for Carbon Sequestered Annually by One Acre of Average U.S. Forestp. 83
Acres of U.S. Forest Preserved from Conversion to Croplandp. 83
Propane Cylinders Used for Home Barbecuesp. 85
Railcars of Coal Burnedp. 86
Tons of Waste Recycled Instead of Landfilledp. 86
Coal-Fired Power Plant Emissions for One Yearp. 86
References and Recommended Readingp. 87
Chapter 3 Sequence of Operationsp. 89
Sequence of Operations Rulesp. 89
Rule 1

p. 89

Rule 2

p. 89

Rule 3

p. 89

Rule 4

p. 89

Rule 5

p. 90

Rule 6

p. 90

Sequence of Operations Examplesp. 90
Chapter 4 Fractions, Decimals, and Percentp. 95
Fractionsp. 95
Decimalsp. 98
Percentp. 100
Chapter 5 Rounding and Significant Digitsp. 105
Rounding Numbersp. 105
Determining Significant Figuresp. 105
Chapter 6 Powers of Ten and Exponentsp. 107
Rulesp. 107
Powersp. 108
Examplesp. 108
Chapter 7 Averages (Arithmetic Mean) and Medianp. 109
Averagesp. 109
Medianp. 110
Chapter 8 Solving for the Unknownp. 113
Math Rules of Operationp. 113
Equationsp. 113
Axiomsp. 115
Solving Equationsp. 115
Checking the Answerp. 125
Setting Up Equationsp. 126
Summary of Key Pointsp. 127
Chapter 9 Ratios and Proportionsp. 129
Ratiosp. 129
Proportionsp. 129
Working with Ratios and Proportionsp. 129
Chapter 10 Electrical Calculationsp. 133
Electrical Circuits and Powerp. 133
Ohm's Lawp. 133
Electrical Powerp. 138
Electrical Power Calculationsp. 138
Electrical Energyp. 140
Series DC Circuit Characteristicsp. 140
Series Circuit Resistancep. 141
Series Circuit Currentp. 142
Series Circuit Voltagep. 143
Series Circuit Powerp. 145
General Series Circuit Analysisp. 147
Parallel DC Circuitsp. 149
Parallel Circuit Characteristicsp. 149
Voltage in Parallel Circuitsp. 149
Current in Parallel Circuitsp. 151
Parallel Circuit Resistancep. 153
Reciprocal Methodp. 156
Product over the Sum Methodp. 157
Power in Parallel Circuitsp. 157
Chapter 11 Circumference, Area, and Volumep. 159
Perimeter and Circumferencep. 161
Perimeterp. 161
Circumferencep. 162
Areap. 163
Area of a Rectanglep. 163
Area of a Circlep. 164
Area of a Circular or Cylindrical Tankp. 165
Volumep. 166
Volume of a Rectangular Basinp. 166
Volume of Round Pipe and Round Surface Areasp. 167
Volume of a Cone and Spherep. 168
Volume of a Conep. 168
Volume of a Spherep. 168
Volume of a Circular or Cylindrical Tankp. 169
Volume in Gallonsp. 169
Volume of Pipesp. 170
Area Examplesp. 170
Volume Examplesp. 172
Chapter 12 Force, Pressure, Head, and Velocity Calculationsp. 175
Force and Pressurep. 175
Headp. 177
Static Headp. 178
Friction Headp. 178
Velocity Headp. 178
Total Dynamic Head (Total System Head)p. 179
Pressure and Headp. 179
Head and Pressurep. 179
Velocityp. 180
Force, Pressure, Head, and Velocity Examplesp. 181
Chapter 13 Mass Balance and Measuring Plant Performancep. 187
Mass Balance for Settling Tanksp. 187
Mass Balance Using BOD Removalp. 188
Measuring Plant Performancep. 190
Plant Performance/Efficiencyp. 190
Unit Process Performance and Efficiencyp. 191
Percent Volatile Matter Reduction in Sludgep. 192
Chapter 14 Pumping Calculationsp. 193
Basic Water Hydraulics Calculationsp. 193
Weight of Waterp. 193
Weight of Water Related to the Weight of Airp. 194
Water at Restp. 195
Gauge Pressurep. 195
Water in Motionp. 196
Dischargep. 196
Law of Continuityp. 197
Pipe Frictionp. 197
Basic Pumping Calculationsp. 198
Pumping Ratesp. 198
Calculating Head Lossp. 200
Calculating Headp. 200
Calculating Horsepower and Efficiencyp. 201
Hydraulic Horsepowerp. 201
Pump Efficiency and Brake Horsepowerp. 201
Specific Speedp. 204
Positive-Displacement Pumpsp. 204
Volume of Biosolids Pumped (Capacity)p. 205
Pumping Examplesp. 206
Chapter 15 Water Source and Storage Calculationsp. 219
Water Source Calculationsp. 219
Well Drawdownp. 219
Well Yieldp. 221
Specific Yieldp. 221
Well Casing Disinfectionp. 222
Deep-Well Turbine Pump Calculationsp. 222
Vertical Turbine Pump Calculationsp. 223
Water Storagep. 228
Water Storage Calculationsp. 228
Copper Sulfate Dosingp. 229
Chapter 16 Water/Wastewater Laboratory Calculationsp. 231
Faucet Flow Estimationp. 231
Service Line Flushing Timep. 232
Composite Sampling Calculation (Proportioning Factor)p. 233
Composite Sampling Procedure and Calculationp. 234
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Calculationsp. 235
BOD 5 (Unseeded)p. 235
BOD 5 (Seeded)p. 235
BOD 7-Day Moving Averagep. 236
Moles and Molarityp. 237
Molesp. 237
Normalityp. 238
Settleability (Activated Biosolids Solids)p. 239
Settleable Solidsp. 240
Total Solids, Fixed Solids, and Volatile Solidsp. 241
Wastewater Suspended Solids and Volatile Suspended Solidsp. 243
Biosolids Volume Index and Biosolids Density Indexp. 244
Chemical Dosage Calculationsp. 245
Dosage Formula Pie Chartp. 246
Chlorine Dosagep. 247
Hypochlorite Dosagep. 249
Laboratory Examplesp. 254
Chapter 17 Basic Mathemathics Practice Problemsp. 259
Basic Math Operationsp. 259
Decimal Operationsp. 259
Percentage Calculationsp. 260
Solving for an Unknownp. 260
Ratio and Proportionp. 261
Area of Rectanglesp. 261
Circumference and Area of Circlesp. 261
Fundamental Water/Wastewater Operationsp. 261
Tank Volume Calculationsp. 261
Channel and Pipeline Capacity Calculationsp. 262
Miscellaneous Volume Calculationsp. 262
Flow, Velocity, and Conversion Calculationsp. 263
Average Flow Ratesp. 265
Flow Conversionsp. 265
General Flow and Velocity Calculationsp. 265
Chemical Dosage Calculationsp. 267
Appendix: Solutions to Chapter 17 Problemsp. 269
Indexp. 273
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