Water distribution systems handbook

Select an Action

Place Hold(s)
Add to My Lists
Email
Print

Title:

Publication Information:

New York : McGraw-Hill, 2000

ISBN:

9780071342131

Subject Term:

Water -- Distributions -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Water-supply engineering -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Added Author:

Mays, Larry W.

Available:*

Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
Searching... PSZ JB	30000004804377	TD481 W37 2000	Reference Book	1:BOOKREF	Searching... Unknown

Summary

Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.

Detailed coverage of the latest methods, materials, techniques, and tools for water distribution systems

All-in-one, state-of-the-art guide to safe drinking water Civil engineers and anyone else involved in any way with the design, analysis, operation, maintenance or rehabilitation of water distribution systems will find practical guidance in Water Distribution Systems Handbook. Experts selected by Handbook editor Larry W. Mays provide historical, present day, and future perspectives, as well as state-of-the-art details previously available only in specialized journals. You get a comprehensively detailed exploration of every facet of the hydraulics of pressurized flow; piping design and pipeline systems; storage issues; reliability analysis and distribution, and more. Detailed information on the latest technology contributions and on enhancements to the EPANETmodel are included. You'll also find case studies that range from the small municipal systems found in every U.S. town, to large systems common to great urban centers like New York, London and Paris.

Author Notes

Larry W. Mays is professor of civil and environmental engineering at Arizona State University and former chair of the department. He was formerly director of the Center for Research in Water Resources at the University of Texas at Austin, where he also held an Engineering Foundation Endowed Professorship. A registered professional engineer in seven states and a registered professional hydrologist, he has served as consultant to many organizations. A widely published expert on water resources, he wrote Optimal Control of Hydrosystems (Marcel Dekker) and was editor in chief of both Water Resources Handbook (McGraw-Hill) and Hydraulic Design Handbook (McGraw-Hill). Co-author of both Applied Hydrology and Hydrosystems Engineering and Management published by McGraw-Hill, and was the editor in chief of Reliability Analysis of Water Distribution Systems (ASCE), and co-editor of Computer Modeling of Free-Surface and Pressurized Flows (Kluwer Academic Publishers). He has published extensively on his research in water resources management.

Contributors	p. xxv
Preface	p. xxvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background	p. 1
1.2 Historical Aspects of Water Distribution	p. 3
1.2.1 Ancient Urban Water Supplies	p. 3
1.2.2 Status of Water Distribution Systems in the 19th Century	p. 9
1.2.3 Perspectives on Water Distribution Mains in the United States	p. 10
1.2.4 Early Pipe Flow Computational Methods	p. 16
1.3 Modern Water Distribution Systems	p. 16
1.3.1 The Overall Systems	p. 16
1.3.2 System Components	p. 20
1.3.3 System Operation	p. 26
1.3.4 The Future	p. 29
References	p. 30
Chapter 2 Hydraulics of Pressurized Flow
2.1 Introduction	p. 1
2.2 Importance of Pipeline Systems	p. 2
2.3 Numerical Models: Basis For Pipeline Analysis	p. 3
2.4 Modeling Approach	p. 4
2.4.1 Properties of Matter (What?)	p. 5
2.4.2 Laws of Conservation (How?)	p. 6
2.4.3 Conservation of Mass	p. 7
2.4.4 Newton's Second Law	p. 9
2.5 System Capacity: Problems in Time and Space	p. 10
2.6 Steady Flow	p. 13
2.6.1 Turbulent Flow	p. 15
2.6.2 Headloss Caused by Friction	p. 16
2.6.3 Comparison of Loss Relations	p. 18
2.6.4 Local Losses	p. 21
2.6.5 Tractive Force	p. 22
2.6.6 Conveyance System Calculations: Steady Uniform Flow	p. 23
2.6.7 Pumps: Adding Energy to the Flow	p. 26
2.6.8 Sample Application Including Pumps	p. 28
2.6.9 Neworks--Linking Demand and Supply	p. 30
2.7 Quasi-Steady Flow: System Operation	p. 30
2.8 Unsteady Flow: Introduction of Fluid Transients	p. 32
2.8.1 Importance of Waterhammer	p. 32
2.8.2 Cause of Transients	p. 34
2.8.3 Physical Nature of Transient Flow	p. 35
2.8.4 Equation of State-Wavespeed Relations	p. 37
2.8.5 Increment of Head-Change Relation	p. 38
2.8.6 Transient Conditions in Valves	p. 39
2.8.7 Conclusion	p. 42
References	p. 42
Chapter 3 System Design: an Overview
3.1 Introduction	p. 1
3.1.1 Overview	p. 1
3.1.2 Definitions	p. 2
3.2 Distribution System Planning	p. 2
3.2.1 Water Demands	p. 2
3.2.2 Planning and Design Criteria	p. 7
3.2.3 Peaking Coefficients	p. 9
3.2.4 Computer Models and System Modeling	p. 9
3.3 Pipeline Preliminary Design	p. 11
3.3.1 Alignment	p. 11
3.3.2 Subsurface Conflicts	p. 13
3.3.3 Rights-of-Way	p. 13
3.4 Piping Materials	p. 13
3.4.1 Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP)	p. 14
3.4.2 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe	p. 18
3.4.3 Steel Pipe	p. 21
3.4.4 Reinforced Concrete Pressure Pipe (RCPP)	p. 25
3.4.5 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe	p. 29
3.4.6 Asbestos-Cement Pipe (ACP)	p. 31
3.4.7 Pipe Material Selection	p. 32
3.5 Pipeline Design	p. 34
3.5.1 Internal Pressures	p. 34
3.5.2 Loads on Buried Pipe	p. 34
3.5.3 Thrust Restraint	p. 38
3.6 Distribution and Transmission System Valves	p. 44
3.6.1 Isolation Valves	p. 44
3.6.2 Control Valves	p. 46
3.6.3 Blow-offs	p. 47
3.6.4 Air Release and Vacuum-Relief Valves	p. 48
References	p. 48
Chapter 4 Hydraulics of Water Distribution Systems
4.1 Introduction	p. 1
4.1.1 Configuration and Components of Water Distribution Systems	p. 1
4.1.2 Conservation Equations for Pipe Systems	p. 3
4.1.3 Network Components	p. 3
4.2 Steady-State Hydraulic Analysis	p. 5
4.2.1 Series and Parallel Pipe Systems	p. 5
4.2.2 Branching Pipe Systems	p. 7
4.2.3 Pipe Networks	p. 11
4.3 Unsteady Flow in Pipe Network Analysis	p. 24
4.3.1 Governing Equations	p. 24
4.3.2 Solution Methods	p. 25
4.4 Computer Modeling of Water Distribution Systems	p. 26
4.4.1 Applications of Models	p. 27
4.4.2 Model Calibration	p. 27
References	p. 28
Chapter 5 Pump System Hydraulic Design
5.1 Pump Types and Definitions	p. 1
5.1.1 Pump Standards	p. 1
5.1.2 Pump Definitions and Terminology	p. 2
5.1.3 Types of Centrifugal Pumps	p. 6
5.2 Pump Hydraulics	p. 8
5.2.1 Pump Performance Curves	p. 8
5.2.2 Pipeline Hydraulics and System Curves	p. 8
5.2.3 Hydraulics of Valves	p. 12
5.2.4 Determination of Pump Operating Points-Single Pump	p. 13
5.2.5 Pumps Operating in Parallel	p. 13
5.2.6 Variable-Speed Pumps	p. 13
5.3 Concept of Specific Speed	p. 18
5.3.1 Introduction: Discharge-Specific Speed	p. 18
5.3.2 Suction-Specific Speed	p. 19
5.4 Net Positive Suction Head	p. 19
5.4.1 Net Positive Suction Head Available	p. 19
5.4.2 Net Positive Suction Head Required by a Pump	p. 20
5.4.3 NPSH Margin or Safety Factor Considerations	p. 22
5.4.4 Cavitation	p. 22
5.5 Corrected Pump Curves	p. 22
5.6 Hydraulic Considerations in Pump Selection	p. 27
5.6.1 Flow Range of Centrifugal Pumps	p. 27
5.6.2 Causes and Effects of Centrifugal Pumps Operating Outside Allowable Flow Ranges	p. 28
5.6.3 Summary of Pump Selection	p. 28
5.7 Application of Pump Hydraulic Analysis to Design of Pumping Station Components	p. 30
5.7.1 Pump Hydraulic Selections and Specifications	p. 30
5.7.2 Piping	p. 32
5.8 Implications of Hydraulic Transients in Pumping Station Design	p. 35
5.8.1 Effect of Surge on Valve Selection	p. 35
5.8.2 Effect of Surge on Pipe Material Selection	p. 36
References	p. 36
Appendix	p. 37
Chapter 6 Hydraulic Transient Design for Pipeline Systems
6.1 Introduction to Waterhammer and Surging	p. 1
6.2 Fundamentals of Waterhammer and Surge	p. 2
6.2.1 Definitions	p. 2
6.2.2 Acoustic Velocity	p. 2
6.2.3 Joukowsky (Waterhammer) Equation	p. 3
6.3 Hydraulic Characteristics of Valves	p. 4
6.3.1 Descriptions of Various Types of Valves	p. 5
6.3.2 Definition of Geometric Characteristics of Valves	p. 6
6.3.3 Definition of Hydraulic Performance of Valves	p. 6
6.3.4 Typical Geometric and Hydraulic Valve Characteristics	p. 8
6.3.5 Valve Operation	p. 9
6.4 Hydraulic Characteristics of Pumps	p. 9
6.4.1 Definition of Pump Characteristics	p. 10
6.4.2 Homologous (Affinity) Laws	p. 10
6.4.3 Abnormal Pump (Four-Quadrant) Characteristics	p. 12
6.4.4 Representation of Pump Data for Numerical Analysis	p. 15
6.4.5 Critical Data Required for Hydraulic Analysis of Systems with Pumps	p. 16
6.5 Surge Protection and Surge Control Devices	p. 18
6.5.1 Critical Parameters for Transients	p. 18
6.5.2 Critique of Surge Protection	p. 20
6.5.3 Surge Protection Control and Devices	p. 22
6.6 Design Considerations	p. 24
6.7 Negative Pressures and Water Column Separation in Networks	p. 26
6.8 Time Constants for Hydraulic Systems	p. 27
6.9 Case Studies	p. 27
6.9.1 Case Study with One-way and Simple Surge Tanks	p. 27
6.9.2 Case Study with Air chamber	p. 28
6.9.3 Case Study with Air-vaccum Breaker	p. 31
References	p. 32
Chapter 7 Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems
7.1 Overview	p. 1
7.2 Problem Definition	p. 1
7.3 Mathematical Formulation	p. 3
7.4 Optimization Methods	p. 4
7.4.1 Branched Systems	p. 4
7.4.2 Looped Pipe Systems via Linearization	p. 5
7.4.3 General System Design via Nonlinear Programming	p. 7
7.4.4 Stochastic Search Techniques	p. 8
7.5 Applications	p. 9
7.6 Summary	p. 12
References	p. 13
Chapter 8 Water-Quality Aspects of Construction and Operations
8.1 Introduction	p. 1
8.2 Disinfection of New Water Mains	p. 1
8.2.1 Need for Disinfection	p. 2
8.2.2 Disinfection Chemicals	p. 2
8.2.3 Disinfection Procedures	p. 2
8.2.4 Testing New Mains	p. 3
8.2.5 Main Repairs	p. 3
8.2.6 Disposal of Highly Chlorinated Water	p. 3
8.3 Disinfection of Storage Tanks	p. 4
8.3.1 Disinfection Procedures for Filling Tanks	p. 4
8.3.2 Underwater Inspection	p. 5
8.4 Cross-Connection Control	p. 5
8.4.1 Definitions	p. 5
8.4.2 Cross-Connection Control Programs	p. 5
8.4.3 Backflow Prevention	p. 6
8.4.4 Application of Backflow Preventers	p. 7
8.5 Flushing of Distribution Systems	p. 8
8.5.1 Background	p. 8
8.5.2 Flushing Procedures	p. 8
8.5.3 Directional Flushing	p. 9
8.5.4 Alternating of Disinfectants	p. 9
References	p. 10
Chapter 9 Water Quality
9.1 Introduction	p. 1
9.1.1 Overview	p. 1
9.1.2 Definitions	p. 2
9.2 Water-Quality Processes	p. 3
9.2.1 Loss of Disinfectant Residual	p. 3
9.2.2 Growth of Disinfection By-products	p. 6
9.2.3 Internal Corrosion	p. 6
9.2.4 Biofilms	p. 9
9.3 Water-Quality Monitoring	p. 11
9.3.1 Routine Monitoring	p. 11
9.3.2 Synoptic Monitoring	p. 11
9.4 Water-Quality Modeling	p. 15
9.4.1 History	p. 16
9.4.2 Governing Equations	p. 16
9.4.3 Solution Methods	p. 18
9.4.4 Data Requirements	p. 20
9.4.5 Model Calibration	p. 21
References	p. 22
Chapter 10 Hydraulic Design of Water Distribution Storage Tanks
10.1 Introduction	p. 1
10.2 Basic Concepts	p. 1
10.2.1 Equalization	p. 2
10.2.2 Pressure Maintenance	p. 2
10.2.3 Fire Storage	p. 2
10.2.4 Emergency Storage	p. 2
10.2.5 Energy Consumption	p. 3
10.2.6 Water Quality	p. 3
10.2.7 Hydraulic Transient Control	p. 3
10.2.8 Aesthetics	p. 4
10.3 Design Issues	p. 4
10.3.1 Floating Versus Pumped Storage	p. 4
10.3.2 Ground Versus Elevated Tank	p. 5
10.3.3 Effective Versus Total Storage	p. 6
10.3.4 Private Versus Utility Owned Tanks	p. 6
10.3.5 Pressurized Tanks	p. 6
10.4 Location	p. 7
10.4.1 Clearwell Storage	p. 7
10.4.2 Tanks Downstream of the Demand Center	p. 8
10.4.3 Multiple Tanks in the Pressure Zone	p. 8
10.4.4 Multiple Pressure-Zone Systems	p. 9
10.4.5 Other Siting Considerations	p. 9
10.5 Tank Levels	p. 9
10.5.1 Setting Tank Overflow Levels	p. 9
10.5.2 Identifying Tank Service Areas	p. 10
10.5.3 Identifying Pressure Zones	p. 10
10.6 Tank Volume	p. 11
10.6.1 Trade-offs in Tank Volume Design	p. 11
10.6.2 Standards-Driven Sizing	p. 12
10.6.3 Functional Design	p. 12
10.6.4 Staging Requirements	p. 16
10.6.5 Useful Dead Storage	p. 17
10.7 Other Design Considerations	p. 18
10.7.1 Altitude Valves	p. 18
10.7.2 Cathodic Protection and Coatings	p. 18
10.7.3 Overflows and Vents	p. 18
References	p. 19
Chapter 11 Quality of Water in Storage
11.1 Introduction	p. 1
11.1.1 Overview	p. 1
11.1.2 Definitions	p. 2
11.2 Water Quality Problems	p. 2
11.2.1 Chemical Problems	p. 2
11.2.2 Microbiological Problems	p. 5
11.2.3 Physical Problems	p. 7
11.3 Mixing and Aging in Storage Facilities	p. 8
11.3.1 Ideal Flow Regimes	p. 8
11.3.2 Jet Mixing	p. 9
11.3.3 Mixing Times	p. 9
11.3.4 Stratification	p. 10
11.3.5 Aging	p. 11
11.4 Monitoring and Sampling	p. 12
11.4.1 Routine Monitoring	p. 12
11.4.2 Sampling Methods and Equipment	p. 17
11.4.3 Monitoring Frequency and Location of Samples	p. 18
11.4.4 Special Studies	p. 20
11.5 Modeling	p. 22
11.5.1 Scale Models	p. 22
11.5.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics	p. 25
11.5.3 Systems Models	p. 28
11.6 Design and Operational Issues	p. 30
11.6.1 Water-Quality Design Objectives	p. 30
11.6.2 Modes of Operation: Simultaneous Inflow-Outflow Versus Fill and Draw	p. 30
11.6.3 Flow Regimes: Complete Mix Versus Plug Flow	p. 30
11.6.4 Stratification in Reservoirs	p. 33
11.7 Inspection and Maintenance Issues	p. 34
11.7.1 Inspections	p. 34
11.7.2 Maintenance	p. 36
References	p. 36
Chapter 12 Computer Models/Epanet
12.1 Introduction	p. 1
12.1.1 Need for Computer Models	p. 1
12.1.2 Uses of Computer Models	p. 2
12.1.3 History of Computer Models	p. 2
12.2 Use of a Computer Model	p. 3
12.2.1 Network Representation	p. 3
12.2.2 Compilation of Data	p. 4
12.2.3 Estimation of Demand	p. 6
12.2.4 Operating Characteristics	p. 7
12.2.5 Reaction-Rate Information	p. 7
12.2.6 Model Calibration	p. 8
12.3 Computer Model Internals	p. 8
12.3.1 Input Processing	p. 9
12.3.2 Topological Processing	p. 9
12.3.3 Hydraulic Solution Algorithms	p. 9
12.3.4 Linear-Equation Solver	p. 11
12.3.5 Extended-Period Solver	p. 11
12.3.6 Water-Quality Algorithms	p. 12
12.3.7 Output Processing	p. 12
12.4 Epanet Program	p. 13
12.4.1 Background	p. 13
12.4.2 Program Features	p. 14
12.4.3 User Interface	p. 15
12.4.4 Solver Module	p. 17
12.4.5 Programmer's Toolkit	p. 20
12.5 Conclusion	p. 20
References	p. 21
Chapter 13 Water Quality Modeling-Case Studies
13.1 Introduction	p. 1
13.2 Design of Distribution Systems in The United States	p. 2
13.3 Water Quality in Networks	p. 3
13.4 Hydraulic and Water-Quality Models	p. 4
13.4.1 Steady-State-Water Quality Models	p. 5
13.4.2 Dynamic Water-Quality Models	p. 5
13.5 Early Applications of Water-Quality Modeling	p. 6
13.5.1 North Penn Study	p. 6
13.5.2 South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority	p. 9
13.5.3 Case Study of Cabool, Missouri	p. 22
13.6 Evolution of Water Quality Modeling	p. 22
13.7 Modeling Propagation of Contaminants	p. 23
13.7.1 Case Study of the North Marin Water District	p. 24
13.7.2 Complement to the North Marin study	p. 34
13.7.3 Waterborne Outbreak in Gideon, Missouri	p. 36
13.8 Current Trends in Water-Quality Modeling	p. 44
13.8.1 Study in Cholet, France	p. 44
13.8.2 Case Study in Southington, Connecticut	p. 44
13.8.3 Mixing in Storage Tanks	p. 45
13.9 Summary and Conclusions	p. 45
References	p. 46
Chapter 14 Calibration of Hydraulic Network Models
14.1 Introduction	p. 1
14.1.1 Network Characterization	p. 1
14.1.2 Network Data Requirements	p. 1
14.1.3 Model Parameters	p. 3
14.2 Identify the Intended use of the Model	p. 3
14.3 Determine Estimates of the Model Parameters	p. 3
14.3.1 Pipe Roughness Values	p. 4
14.3.2 Distribution of Nodal Demands	p. 9
14.4 Collect Calibration Data	p. 12
14.4.1 Fire-Flow Tests	p. 12
14.4.2 Telemetric Data	p. 13
14.4.3 Water-Quality Data	p. 14
14.5 Evaluate the Results of the Model	p. 14
14.6 Perform A Macro-Level Calibration of the Model	p. 15
14.7 Perform A Sensitivity Analysis	p. 16
14.8 Perform A Macro-Level Calibration of the Model	p. 16
14.8.1 Analytical Approaches	p. 17
14.8.2 Simulation Approaches	p. 17
14.8.3 Optimization Approaches	p. 17
14.9 Future Trends	p. 21
14.10 Summary And Conclusion	p. 21
References	p. 21
Chapter 15 Operation of Water Distribution Systems
15.1 Introduction	p. 1
15.2 How Systems Are Operated	p. 2
15.2.1 Typical Operating Indexes	p. 2
15.2.2 Operating Criteria	p. 3
15.2.3 Water Quality and Operations	p. 4
15.2.4 Emergency Operations	p. 4
15.3 Monitoring of System Performance With Scada Systems	p. 5
15.3.1 Anatomy of a Scada System	p. 6
15.3.2 Data Archiving	p. 9
15.4 Control of Water Distribution System	p. 9
15.4.1 Control Strategies	p. 10
15.4.2 Centralized Versus Local Control	p. 11
15.5 Linking of Scada Systems with Analysis and Control Models	p. 11
15.5.1 Data Requirements of Analysis and Control Models	p. 12
15.5.2 Establishment of the Link	p. 13
15.6 Use of Central Databases in System Control	p. 15
15.7 What the Future Holds	p. 16
References	p. 16
Chapter 16 Optimization Models for Operations
16.1 Introduction	p. 1
16.2 Formulations for Minimizing Energy Cost Minimization	p. 3
16.2.1 Energy Management	p. 3
16.2.2 Management Strategies	p. 3
16.2.3 Management Models	p. 5
16.2.4 Optimization Models	p. 9
16.2.5 Summary and Conclusions	p. 14
16.3 Formulations to Satisfy Water Quality	p. 16
16.4 Solution Methods and Applications For Water-Quality Purposes	p. 19
16.4.1 Mathematical Programming Approach	p. 19
16.4.2 Simulated Annealing Approach	p. 22
16.4.3 Development of Cost Function	p. 24
16.4.4 Sample Application	p. 26
16.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Two Methods	p. 28
16.5 Optimal Scheduling of Booster Disinfection	p. 28
16.5.1 Background 1: Linear Superposition	p. 33
16.5.2 Background 2: Dynamic Network Water-Quality Models in a Planning Context	p. 34
16.5.3 Optimal Scheduling of Booster-Station Dosages as Linear Pogramming Problem	p. 36
16.5.4 Optimal Location and Scheduling of Booster-Station Dosage as a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Problem	p. 36
16.5.5 Optimal Location of Booster Stations as a Maximum Set-Covering Problem	p. 38
16.5.6 Solution of the Optimization Models	p. 40
16.5.7 Available Software	p. 41
16.5.8 Summary	p. 42
References	p. 43
Chapter 17 Maintenance and Rehabilitation/Replacement
17.1 Introduction	p. 1
17.1.1 Maintenance and Rehabilitation Problems	p. 1
17.1.2 Preview of the Chapter	p. 2
17.2 Unaccounted-For Water	p. 2
17.2.1 Indicators for Unaccounted-for Water	p. 3
17.2.2 Understanding the Causes of Unaccounted-for Water	p. 3
17.2.3 Components of Unaccounted-for Water	p. 5
17.2.4 Summary	p. 9
17.3 Pipe Breaks	p. 10
17.3.1 Corrosion	p. 10
17.3.2 External Loads	p. 11
17.3.3 Poor Tapping	p. 13
17.3.4 Pressure-Related Breaks	p. 13
17.3.5 Repair Versus Replacement	p. 14
17.4 Hydraulic Carrying Capacity	p. 16
17.4.1 Diagnosis of Pressure Problems	p. 16
17.4.2 Correction of Pressure Problems	p. 17
17.4.3 Pipe Rehabilitation Technology	p. 20
17.4.4 Evaluation of Pipe Rehabilitation	p. 21
17.5 Maintenance Information Systems	p. 21
17.5.1 System Mapping	p. 22
17.5.2 System Database	p. 22
17.5.3 Geographic Information Systems	p. 22
17.5.4 Maintenance Management Systems	p. 23
17.5.5 SCADA Systems	p. 23
References	p. 24
Chapter 18 Reliability Analysis For Design
18.1 Failure Modes For Water Distribution Systems	p. 1
18.1.1 Need and Justification	p. 1
18.1.2 Definitions of Distribution System Repairs	p. 3
18.1.3 Failure Modes	p. 4
18.1.4 Reliability: Indexes and Approaches	p. 5
18.2 Practical Aspects of Providing Reliability	p. 6
18.2.1 Improving the Reliability of Water Distribution Systems	p. 6
18.2.2 Analyzing the Effect of Valving on System Reliability	p. 10
18.3 Component Reliability Analysis	p. 15
18.3.1 Failure Density, Failure Rate, and Mean Time To Failure	p. 15
18.3.2 Availability and Unavailability	p. 19
18.4 Review of Models Fore Reliability of Water Distribution Systems	p. 21
18.4.1 Reliability of a System Failure	p. 21
18.4.2 Failure Modes	p. 22
18.4.3 Approaches to the Assessment of Reliability	p. 25
18.4.4 Models and Techniques for Assessing Network Reliability	p. 29
18.4.5 Overview of Reliability Measures	p. 40
18.4.6 Observations	p. 42
18.5 Measure of Link Importance	p. 43
References	p. 49

Available:*

On Order

Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents