Terrorism and homeland security : thinking strategically about policy

Despite the fact that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has been active since November of 2002, the American homeland is still not secure from terrorist attack. What passes as DHS strategy is often just a list of objectives with vague references to the garnering of national resources, and the marshalling of support from other nations.

Drawing on the expertise of several of the nation's leading reseachers and policy experts, Terrorism and Homeland Security: Thinking Strategically About Policy provides policymakers with a much needed starting point for the creation of an effective coherent national security strategy. Its origins pre-dating 9-11, this volume grew out of an extensive project featuring the participation of various institutions including the Army War College.

The primary goal: develop a strategy that optimizes security with minimal infringement on rights and liberties

After addressing points salient to a central strategy, the book then identifies the domestic and external elements that need to be addressed in building such a strategy. To this end, it examines the nature of terrorist threats, looks at challenges specific to various weapons of mass destruction, and then goes beyond terrorism to discuss safeguarding society and its infrastructure from natural disasters.

In concluding, the editors present a number of preliminary suggestions. It is hoped that policymakers and others may take these suggestions into account when developing a comprehensive national security strategy.

Paul R. ViottiRobert H. DorffDavid GoldfischerJames M. Smith and Brent J. TalbotVeronica M. Kitchen and Gregory J. MooreJeffrey A. Larsen and James J. WirtzFred L. Wehling and Jeremy TamsettTerrence M. O'SullivanGreg MoserAlexander C. Diener and Timothy W. CrawfordJoseph S. SzyliowiczKevin KingMichael A. Opheim and Nicholas H. Bowen

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgment	p. xvii
Contributors	p. xix
Acronyms	p. xxiii
Section 1 The National Security Challenge: Developing Strategy for Terrorism and Homeland Security
1 Toward a Comprehensive Strategy for Terrorism and Homeland Security	p. 3
Strategy and the Strategic Discourse	p. 9
Terrorism and Other Forms of Political Violence	p. 10
Intelligence, Law Enforcement, Civil Liberties, and Human Rights	p. 11
Causal Understandings Related to Formulating Homeland Security Strategy	p. 13
Societal Grievances as a Cause of Terrorism and Other Forms of Political Violence	p. 14
Groups, Movements, or Insurgencies Using Political Violence	p. 16
Endnotes	p. 17
2 The Search for National and Homeland Security: An Integrated Grand Strategy	p. 19
The Basic Elements of Strategy	p. 21
Post-Gulf War I: Tracing U.S. Grand Strategy	p. 23
Homeland Security and National Security	p. 25
Conclusion	p. 28
Endnotes	p. 30
3 Assured Vulnerability: Homeland Security and the Cold War Legacy of Defenselessness	p. 33
The Roots of Vulnerability	p. 35
The Cold War Neglect of Homeland Security	p. 36
After 9/11: The Legacy of Neglect	p. 42
The Unfinished Task of Inventing Homeland Security	p. 45
The Role of Defense Intellectuals	p. 46
Developing Defense Orientations Within Homeland-Security Strategic Culture	p. 47
Endnotes	p. 49
4 Terrorism and Deterrence by Denial	p. 53
Terrorism as a Dynamic Process	p. 54
Terrorism and Deterrence by Denial	p. 56
Tactical Level: Deterrence by Denial of Opportunity	p. 56
Operational Level: Deterrence by Denial of Capability	p. 58
Strategic Level: Deterrence by Denial of Objectives	p. 58
International Implementation-the "Away Game"	p. 59
Identifying and Influencing the Target Population	p. 61
Denial Strategy-Marginalizing the Terrorist Message	p. 62
Denial of Capability: Public Diplomacy and Disrupting Recruitment and Retention	p. 63
Domestic Implementation-the "Home Game"	p. 65
Educating and Preparing Domestic Publics	p. 65
Concluding Comments	p. 66
Endnotes	p. 67
5 The Importance of Multinational and Transnational Cooperation Strategies for Homeland Security	p. 69
Homeland Security and Globalization	p. 71
Reconceptualizing Defensive Homeland Security	p. 73
Multinational and Transnational Cooperation on Homeland Security	p. 77
Judicial and Law Enforcement Cooperation	p. 77
Cooperation in Civil Security and Transportation	p. 79
Intelligence Cooperation	p. 81
Financial Cooperation	p. 83
Homeland Defense Cooperation	p. 83
Cooperation through the United Nations	p. 84
Areas for Improvement	p. 86
Concluding Comments	p. 89
Endnotes	p. 91
Section 2 Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
6 WMD Terrorism: New Threats, Revised Responses	p. 101
The Changing Threat of Modern Terrorism	p. 104
The First Wave	p. 104
The Second Wave	p. 105
The Third Wave	p. 106
The Fourth Wave	p. 106
WMD Terrorism	p. 107
Nuclear Weapons	p. 108
Biological Weapons	p. 109
Chemical Weapons	p. 110
U.S. Responses to the Threat from WMD Terrorism	p. 111
Responses to Fourth-Wave Terrorism	p. 112
Dealing with the Threat by Denying Access to Materials	p. 115
Concluding Comments	p. 116
Endnotes	p. 116
7 Nuclear and Radioactive Threats to Homeland Security: Prevention and Response	p. 119
Characterizing Nuclear and Radioactive Threats	p. 120
Current National Prevention and Response Strategies	p. 123
Intelligence	p. 124
Port Security	p. 124
DHS Role in Preparedness and Response	p. 125
Response to Nuclear and Radiological Incidents	p. 126
Federal Guidance on Radiation	p. 127
Drawbacks to the Current Guidance	p. 128
Survey of Public Resources for Nuclear and Radiological Terrorism Threats	p. 128
Assessment: A Strong Effort, but Gaps Remain	p. 129
Priorities for a National Homeland Security Strategy	p. 130
Conclusion: Integrating Prevention and Response	p. 136
Endnotes	p. 137
Section 3 Strategy and the Safeguarding of Society and its Infrastructure from Terrorism and other Threats
8 Comparative Risk Analysis: Biological Terrorism, Pandemics, and Other "Forgotten" Catastrophic Disaster Threats	p. 147
A Note about Comparative Risk Assessment	p. 149
Debates about Homeland Security Strategy in Theory and Practice	p. 150
The Muddled Homeland Security Mandate: FEMA the "Stepchild"	p. 150
The Elusive Comparative Risk Analysis Approach	p. 151
Elemental Natural Disasters and Forces Majeures	p. 152
Hurricanes	p. 152
Earthquakes	p. 152
Tsunamis	p. 153
Floods	p. 154
For Better and Worse: Globalization, Infectious Diseases, and the Biological Century	p. 154
The Bioterrorism-Bird Flu Nexus	p. 154
Globalization Externalities: Public Health Goods and "Bads"	p. 155
Naturally Occurring Disease Outbreaks and Civilian Biodefense	p. 156
SARS	p. 157
Avian Influenza: The Inter-Pandemic Period, and Planning for the Inevitable	p. 157
Bioweapons and Bioterrorism: The Dark Side of the Biotechnology Revolution	p. 159
How Dangerous Is Bioterrorism? The BT Technology Growth Curve	p. 160
Variables in Using BT Weapons	p. 162
Agricultural Bioterrorism	p. 163
The Comparative Dimensions of Homeland Security Risk Analysis	p. 164
The Brave New World of Katrina and Osama-But with Tradeoffs	p. 165
Endnotes	p. 166
9 Homeland Security Strategy and Policy Choices: A Local Government Perspective	p. 171
Consequences and Consequence Planning	p. 174
Prevention, Mitigation, and Preparedness	p. 178
Financing and Staffing State and Local Homeland Security Efforts	p. 181
Organizing and Coordinating Federal, State, and Local Efforts	p. 184
Concluding Comments	p. 186
Endnotes	p. 188
10 Democracy, Civil Society, and the Damage-Limitation Component of Strategy	p. 191
Making Democracy Survivable	p. 192
Homeland Security Spending and Damage Limitation	p. 194
The Private Sector, Civil Society, and All-Hazards Response	p. 197
Reviving Civil-Defense Education	p. 199
Concluding Comments	p. 201
Endnotes	p. 201
11 Transportation as a Component of Homeland Security Strategy	p. 207
Modes of Transportation	p. 209
Intermodal Passenger Systems	p. 212
Freight Systems	p. 216
The Dimensions of Transportation Security	p. 220
Concluding Comments	p. 223
Endnotes	p. 224
12 Redefining U.S. Energy Security in the Twenty-First Century	p. 227
Conceptualizing Energy Security	p. 229
The U.S. Energy System: Vital Energy Sectors and Critical Infrastructure Protection	p. 235
Petroleum	p. 236
Natural Gas	p. 237
Electricity	p. 239
Coal	p. 240
Nuclear Power	p. 240
Critical Infrastructure Protection	p. 241
Critical Vulnerabilities and Homeland Security Implications	p. 243
Summary Conclusions	p. 245
Endnotes	p. 246
Afterword: Terrorism and Securing the Homeland	p. 253
Endnotes	p. 261
Appendix The National Strategy for Homeland Security	p. 263
Strategic Objectives	p. 264
Threat and Vulnerability	p. 264
Organizing for a Secure Homeland	p. 264
Critical Mission Areas	p. 265
The Foundations of Homeland Security	p. 269
Costs of Homeland Security	p. 272
Conclusion: Priorities for the Future	p. 272
Endnotes	p. 274
Bibliography	p. 275
Books	p. 275
Articles	p. 281
Documents	p. 284
Web sites	p. 288
Glossary	p. 291
Index	p. 309

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