Wind power generation and distribution

Part of The Art and Science of Wind Power series The rapidly expanding wind energy industry is creating thousands of opportunities for skilled workers. Wind Power Generation and Distribution, part of The Art and Science of Wind Power series, is a powerful tool for learners looking to expand their skillset in this exciting field. Wind Power Generation and Distribution provides in-depth information on electric motors and the installation and maintenance of wind turbines. The text moves from an overview of wind system design to covering specific processes related to commercial wind system installation and maintenance. Topics covered include energy conversion, power electronics, converters, generators, wind-turbine control, rotor dynamics, and wind farms. About the Series According to estimates from the American Wind Energy Association, approximately 85,000 Americans are employed in the rapidly expanding wind energy industry. The Art and Science of Wind Power series was developed to address a critical gap in educational resources directed toward the development of skilled workers in this industry. Each title uses a systems-based perspective to provide students with the resources to develop creative solutions to challenges as well as systems-based critical thinking skills. No other series as comprehensively addresses key issues for novice and expert learners alike.

Author Notes

Professor David A. Rivkin, PhD, is the recipient of numerous technical and managerial awards and has taught at internationally renowned colleges and universities. He is currently the managing director and dean of the College of Science Technology at the Sustainable Methods Institute; the chairman of the Department of Nanosciences in Renewable Energy at Christ University (Atlanta, Georgia); and dean of education and research at the Israel Sustainability Institute.
Marc Randall is a freelance writer and instructional designer currently living in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Born in New Mexico, he studied education at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. He has been involved in print-based and online education for nearly a decade.
Laurel Silk has managed e-learning initiatives at three leading universities, including Arizona State University, University of Phoenix, and Grand Canyon University. Building on her years of experience in classroom instruction, she created a virtual doctoral library for research students and a web-based doctoral studies program in administration.

Preface	p. ix
About the Authors	p. xi
Introduction: A History of Wind Power	p. 1
Nature Uses Wind to Power Transport	p. 1
Limited Research into Vertical Designs	p. 6
Chapter 1 Wind Energy Generation and Conversion	p. 11
How Wind Turbines Work	p. 12
The Definition of Wind	p. 12
Wind Turbine Revealed	p. 12
Calculating Wind Turbine Power	p. 12
Type and Size of Wind Turbines	p. 14
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT)	p. 15
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)	p. 15
Inside a Working Wind Turbine	p. 17
Rotor	p. 17
Generator	p. 17
Structural Support	p. 17
Wind Energy Potential in the United States	p. 17
Wind Farms Overview	p. 18
Wind Energy Generation	p. 20
Benefits of 20 Percent Wind Energy by 2030	p. 22
Chapter 2 Modern Power Electronics and Converter Systems	p. 27
Wind Power Forecasting	p. 28
Power Electronic Devices	p. 29
Electromechanical Relays	p. 29
Site Selection	p. 29
Relays and Contactors	p. 30
Relay Types	p. 31
Types of AC Controllers	p. 34
Switches	p. 34
Power Electronic Converters	p. 35
Rectifiers	p. 36
Inverters	p. 36
Harmonic Filters	p. 37
Supporting Wind Turbine Manufacturing	p. 39
Chapter 3 Fixed-Speed Induction Generators	p. 43
Fixed-Speed Induction Generator Overview	p. 44
Fixed-Speed Induction Generator Characteristics	p. 45
Fixed-Speed Induction Generator Design	p. 47
Careers in Wind Energy	p. 48
Fixed-Speed Induction Generator Control	p. 48
Chapter 4 Synchronous Generators for Wind Turbines	p. 53
Synchronous Generator Overview	p. 54
Synchronous Generator Characteristics	p. 56
Synchronous Generator Design	p. 58
Synchronous Generator Coil Usage	p. 58
Synchronous Generator Damper Windings	p. 58
Synchronous Generator Control	p. 60
Excitation Control	p. 60
Prime Mover Control	p. 62
How Much Electricity Can a Single Wind Turbine Generate?	p. 63
Chapter 5 Doubly Fed Induction Generators	p. 67
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Overview	p. 68
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Characteristics	p. 69
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Design	p. 73
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Control	p. 74
Rotor Flux Magnitude and Angle Control	p. 74
Mechanics	p. 73
Current-Mode Torque Control	p. 76
Chapter 6 Fully Rated Converter-Based Generators	p. 81
FRC Generator Overview	p. 82
FRC Generator Characteristics and Design	p. 83
Direct-Drive Generators	p. 84
Permanent Magnet Versus Electromagnetic Excitation	p. 85
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators	p. 85
FRC Induction Generators	p. 86
FRC Generator Control	p. 88
Load Angle Control	p. 88
Vector Control	p. 89
Turbulence	p. 91
Chapter 7 Wind Turbine Control	p. 95
Frequency Control	p. 96
Active Stall Wind Turbines	p. 97
Variable Pitch Angle Control	p. 99
Full Rated Power Electronic Interface	p. 101
Topological Area Control Considerations	p. 102
What Do Fish and Wind Energy Have in Common?	p. 104
Chapter 8 Rotor Dynamics	p. 109
Blade Bending	p. 110
Three-Mass Model	p. 111
Three-Mass Model Operational Example	p. 113
Two-Mass Model	p. 114
Two-Mass Model Operational Example	p. 115
Offshore Wind Technology	p. 116
FSIG turbine Performance Assessment	p. 116
Chapter 9 Wind Farms	p. 121
Influence of Wind Farms on Network Dynamic Performance	p. 122
FSIG Network Damping	p. 122
DFIG Network Damping	p. 123
Connecting Into the Grid	p. 124
Frequency and Active Power	p. 125
Short-Circuit Voltage Levels and Variations	p. 125
Reactive Power Control	p. 125
Voltage Flicker	p. 126
Harmonics	p. 127
Network Stability	p. 127
Power System Substations	p. 128
Types of Substations	p. 128
Where Are the Wind Farms?	p. 129
Chapter 10 Power System Stabilizers and Wind Farm Network Damping	p. 135
Power System Stabilizer Overview	p. 136
Synchronous Generator Power System Stabilizers	p. 136
Synchronous Generator PSS Influence on Damping	p. 138
Synchronous Generator PSS Influence on Transient Operations	p. 139
Doubly Fed Induction Generator Power System Stabilizers	p. 140
DFIG PSS Influence on Damping	p. 142
DFIG PSS Influence on Transient Operations	p. 144
Fully Rated Converter-Based Generator Power System Stabilizers	p. 144
FRC PSS Influence on Damping	p. 145
FRC PSS Influence on Transient Operations	p. 147
Interconnection of Renewable Energy Systems	p. 149
Answer Key	p. 153
Key Concepts and Terms	p. 155
References	p. 160
Index	p. 163

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Author Notes

Table of Contents