Optical wireless communications : system and channel modelling with MATLAB

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Title:

Personal Author:

Ghassemloooy, Zabih

Publication Information:

Boca Raton, FL : Taylor & Francis, 2013

Physical Description:

xlii, 517 p. : ill. ; 24 cm.

ISBN:

9781439851883

Abstract:

"Incorporating MATLAB, this book provides a single resource for optical wireless communication systems based on the systems approach. It presents past and current research activities to illustrate optical sources, transmitters, detectors, and receivers used in optical wireless communications. The text covers both indoor and outdoor environments as well as how different factors, including various channel models, affect the system performance. The authors also discuss the emerging field of visible light communications and describe techniques for mitigating channel impact on the system performance using theoretical analysis and simulation. Other topics include hybrid optical and RF wireless systems"

Title Subject:

MATLAB

Subject Term:

Optical communications

Signal processing

Free space optical interconnects

Signals and signaling -- Mathematical models

Added Author:

Popoola, W.

Rajbhandari, S.

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Library	Item Barcode	Call Number	Material Type	Item Category 1	Status
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Summary

Detailing a systems approach, Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB®, is a self-contained volume that concisely and comprehensively covers the theory and technology of optical wireless communications systems (OWC) in a way that is suitable for undergraduate and graduate-level students, as well as researchers and professional engineers.

Incorporating MATLAB® throughout, the authors highlight past and current research activities to illustrate optical sources, transmitters, detectors, receivers, and other devices used in optical wireless communications. They also discuss both indoor and outdoor environments, discussing how different factors--including various channel models--affect system performance and mitigation techniques.

In addition, this book broadly covers crucial aspects of OWC systems:

Fundamental principles of OWC Devices and systems Modulation techniques and schemes (including polarization shift keying) Channel models and system performance analysis Emerging visible light communications Terrestrial free space optics communication Use of infrared in indoor OWC

One entire chapter explores the emerging field of visible light communications, and others describe techniques for using theoretical analysis and simulation to mitigate channel impact on system performance. Additional topics include wavelet denoising, artificial neural networks, and spatial diversity. Content also covers different challenges encountered in OWC, as well as outlining possible solutions and current research trends. A major attraction of the book is the presentation of MATLAB simulations and codes, which enable readers to execute extensive simulations and better understand OWC in general.

Author Notes

Professor Zabih Ghassemlooy (CEng, Fellow of IET, senior member of IEEE) received his BSc (Hons.) in electrical and electronics engineering from the Manchester Metropolitan University in 1981, and his MSc and Ph.D in optical communications from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology thereafter in 1984 and 1987, respectively. Currently he is an associate dean for research in the School of Computing, Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. He also heads the Northumbria Communications Research Laboratories within the school. His research interests are mainly in the area of optical communications, and published over 415 papers. He is the founder and the chairman of the IEEE, IET International Symposium on Communication Systems, Network and Digital Signal Processing.

Dr. W. Popoola had his national diploma in electrical engineering from The Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Nigeria and later graduated with first class honours degree in electronic and electrical engineering from Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. He later proceeded to Northumbria University at Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, for his MSc in optoelectronic and communication systems where he graduated with distinction in 2006. He was awarded his Ph.D. in 2009 at the Northumbria University for his research work in free-space optical communications. He is currently a researcher with the Institute for Digital Communications, University of Edinburgh, UK working on visible light communications.

Dr. S. Rajbhandari obtained his bachelor degree in electronics and communication engineering from the Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk Campus (Tribhuvan University), Nepal in 2004. In 2006, he received an MSc in optoelectronic and communication systems with distinction and was awarded the P. O. Byrne prize for most innovative project. He then joined the Optical Communications Research Lab (OCRG) at Northumbria University and was awarded a Ph.D degree in 2010. Since 2009, he has been with the OCRG at Northumbria University working as a postdoctoral researcher. He has published more than 70 scholarly articles in the area of optical wireless communications.

Preface	p. xv
Authors	p. xix
List of Figures	p. xxiii
List of Tables	p. xxxvii
Abbreviations	p. xxxix
Chapter 1 Introduction: Optical Wireless Communication Systems	p. 1
1.1 Wireless Access Schemes	p. 1
1.2 A Brief History of OWC	p. 7
1.3 OWC/Radio Comparison	p. 8
1.4 Link Configuration	p. 11
1.5 OWC Application Areas	p. 19
1.6 Safety and Regulations	p. 21
1.6.1 Maximum Permissible Exposures	p. 25
1.7 OWC Challenges	p. 25
References	p. 30
Chapter 2 Optical Sources and Detectors	p. 35
2.1 Light Sources	p. 35
2.2 Light-Emitting Diode	p. 38
2.2.1 LED Structure	p. 41
2.2.2 Planar and Dome LED	p. 42
2.2.3 Edge-Emitting LED	p. 43
2.2.4 LED Efficiencies	p. 44
2.2.4.1 Internal Quantum Efficiency	p. 44
2.2.4.2 External Quantum Efficiency	p. 45
2.2.4.3 Power Efficiency	p. 45
2.2.4.4 Luminous Efficiency	p. 46
2.2.4.5 LED Modulation Bandwidth	p. 47
2.3 The Laser	p. 48
2.3.1 Operating Principle of a Laser	p. 48
2.3.2 Stimulated Emission	p. 49
2.3.2.1 Population Inversion	p. 50
2.3.3 Optical Feedback and Laser Oscillation	p. 50
2.3.4 Basic Semiconductor Laser Structure	p. 51
2.3.5 The Structure of Common Laser Types	p. 53
2.3.5.1 Fabry-Perot Laser	p. 53
2.3.5.2 Distributed Feedback Laser	p. 54
2.3.5.3 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser	p. 55
2.3.5.4 Superluminescent Diodes	p. 56
2.3.6 Comparison of LED and Laser Diodes	p. 57
2.4 Photodetectors	p. 57
2.4.1 PIN Photodetector	p. 59
2.4.2 APD Photodetector	p. 61
2.5 Photodetection Techniques	p. 62
2.5.1 Direct Detection	p. 63
2.5.2 Coherent Detection	p. 63
2.5.2.1 Heterodyne Detection	p. 64
2.5.2.2 Homodyne Detection	p. 66
2.6 Photodetection Noise	p. 66
2.6.1 Photon Fluctuation Noise	p. 67
2.6.2 Dark Current and Excess Noise	p. 68
2.6.3 Background Radiation	p. 70
2.6.4 Thermal Noise	p. 70
2.6.5 Intensity Noise	p. 71
2.6.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio	p. 72
2.7 Optical Detection Statistics	p. 72
References	p. 74
Chapter 3 Channel Modelling	p. 77
3.1 Indoor Optical Wireless Communication Channel	p. 77
3.1.1 LOS Propagation Model	p. 81
3.1.2 Non-LOS Propagation Model	p. 84
3.1.3 Ceiling Bounce Model	p. 95
3.1.4 Hayasaka-Ito Model	p. 96
3.1.5 Spherical Model	p. 97
3.2 Artificial Light Interference	p. 99
3.2.1 Incandescent Lamp	p. 100
3.2.2 Fluorescent Lamp Driven by Conventional Ballast	p. 101
3.2.3 Fluorescent Lamp Model	p. 102
3.3 Outdoor Channel	p. 107
3.3.1 Atmospheric Channel Loss	p. 107
3.3.2 Fog and Visibility	p. 111
3.3.3 Beam Divergence	p. 120
3.3.4 Optical and Window Loss	p. 125
3.3.5 Pointing Loss	p. 125
3.3.6 The Atmospheric Turbulence Models	p. 126
3.3.6.1 Log-Normal Turbulence Model	p. 131
3.3.6.2 Spatial Coherence in Weak Turbulence	p. 135
3.3.6.3 Limit of Log-Normal Turbulence Model	p. 137
3.3.6.4 The Gamma-Gamma Turbulence Model	p. 138
3.3.6.5 The Negative Exponential Turbulence Model	p. 142
3.3.7 Atmospheric Effects on OWC Test Bed	p. 143
3.3.7.1 Demonstration of Scintillation Effect on Data Carrying Optical Radiation	p. 146
References	p. 154
Chapter 4 Modulation Techniques	p. 161
4.1 Introduction	p. 161
4.2 Analogue Intensity Modulation	p. 164
4.3 Digital Baseband Modulation Techniques	p. 167
4.3.1 Baseband Modulations	p. 167
4.3.2 On-Off Keying	p. 168
4.3.3 Error Performance on Gaussian Channels	p. 172
4.4 Pulse Position Modulation	p. 178
4.4.1 Error Performance on Gaussian Channels	p. 182
4.4.2 PPM Variants	p. 186
4.4.2.1 Multilevel PPM	p. 187
4.4.2.2 Differential PPM	p. 188
4.4.2.3 Differential Amplitude Pulse Position Modulation	p. 189
4.5 Pulse Interval Modulation	p. 189
4.5.1 Error Performance on Gaussian Channels	p. 195
4.5.1.1 DPIM with No Guard Band	p. 199
4.5.1.2 DPIM with One Guard Slot	p. 200
4.5.2 Optimum Threshold Level	p. 202
4.6 Dual-Header PIM (DH-PIM)	p. 206
4.6.1 Spectral Characteristics	p. 209
4.6.2 Error Performance on Gaussian Channels	p. 211
4.7 Multilevel DPIM	p. 215
4.8 Comparisons of Baseband Modulation Schemes	p. 217
4.8.1 Power Efficiency	p. 217
4.8.2 Transmission Bandwidth Requirements	p. 219
4.8.3 Transmission Capacity	p. 222
4.8.4 Transmission Rate	p. 223
4.8.5 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio	p. 224
4.9 Subcarrier Intensity Modulation	p. 225
4.10 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing	p. 229
4.11 Optical Polarization Shift Keying	p. 233
4.11.1 Binary PolSK	p. 234
4.11.2 Bit Error Rate Analysis	p. 239
4.11.3 MPolSK	p. 241
4.11.4 Differential Circle Polarization Shift Keying	p. 245
4.11.5 Error Probability Analysis	p. 247
Appendix 4.A p. 248
l4.A.1 Derivation of Slot Autocorrelation Function of DPIM(IGS)	p. 248
Appendix 4.B p. 252
4.B.1 PSD of DH-PIM	p. 252
4.B.1.1 Fourier Transform of DH-PIM	p. 252
4.B.1.2 Power Spectral Density of DH-PIM	p. 252
4.B.1.3 Further Discussion on the PSD Expression	p. 260
References	p. 261
Chapter 5 System Performance Analysis: Indoor	p. 267
5.1 Effect of Ambient Light Sources on Indoor OWC Link Performance	p. 267
5.2 Effect of FLI without Electrical High-Pass Filtering	p. 268
5.2.1 Matched Filter Receiver	p. 269
5.3 Effect of Baseline Wander without FLI	p. 277
5.4 Effect of FLI with Electrical High-Pass Filtering	p. 286
5.5 Wavelet Analysis	p. 293
5.5.1 The Continuous Wavelet Transform	p. 294
5.5.2 The Discrete Wavelet Transform	p. 297
5.5.3 DWT-Based Denoising	p. 298
5.5.4 Comparative Study of DWT and HPF	p. 303
5.5.5 Experimental Investigations	p. 305
5.6 Link Performance for Multipath Propagation	p. 310
5.6.1 OOK	p. 310
5.6.2 PPM	p. 317
5.6.3 DPIM	p. 319
5.7 Mitigation Techniques	p. 320
5.7.1 Filtering	p. 321
5.7.2 Equalization	p. 323
5.7.2.1 The Zero Forcing Equalizer	p. 3.23
5.7.2.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer	p. 325
5.7.2.3 Decision Feedback Equalizer	p. 326
5.8 Equalization as a Classification Problem	p. 327
5.9 Introduction to Artificial Neural Network	p. 327
5.9.1 Neuron	p. 328
5.9.2 ANN Architectures	p. 329
5.10 Training Network	p. 330
5.10.1 Backpropagation Learning	p. 331
5.11 The ANN-Based Adaptive Equalizer	p. 332
5.11.1 Comparative Study of the ANN- and FIR-Based Equalizers	p. 340
5.11.2 Diversity Techniques	p. 341
References	p. 342
Chapter 6 FSO Link Performance under the Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence	p. 347
6.1 On-Off Keying	p. 348
6.1.1 OOK in a Poisson Atmospheric Optical Channel	p. 348
6.1.2 OOK in a Gaussian Atmospheric Optical Channel	p. 350
6.2 Pulse Position Modulation	p. 354
6.3 Subcarrier Intensity Modulation	p. 358
6.3.1 SIM Generation and Detection	p. 359
6.3.2 SIM-FSO Performance in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 362
6.3.3 Bit Error Probability Analysis of SIM-FSO	p. 366
6.3.3.1 BPSK-Modulated Subcarrier	p. 367
6.3.3.2 M-Ary PSK-Modulated Subcarrier	p. 373
6.3.3.3 DPSK-Modulated Subcarrier	p. 374
6.3.3.4 Multiple SIM Performance Analysis	p. 376
6.3.3.5 Outage Probability in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channels	p. 377
6.3.4 SIM-FSO Performance in Gamma-Gamma and Negative Exponential Atmospheric Channels	p. 380
6.3.5 Outage Probability in Negative Exponential Model Atmospheric Channels	p. 383
6.4 Atmospheric Turbulence-Induced Penalty	p. 384
Appendix 6.A p. 388
Appendix 6.B p. 388
6.B.1 MATLAB Scripts for Sections 6.3.2, 6.3.3.2 and 6.3.3.3	p. 388
6.B.1.1 Section 6.3.2	p. 388
6.B.1.2 Sections 6.3.3.2 and 6.3.3.3	p. 389
References	p. 394
Chapter 7 Outdoor OWC Links with Diversity Techniques	p. 397
7.1 Atmospheric Turbulence Mitigation Techniques	p. 397
7.2 Receiver Diversity in Log-Normal Atmospheric Channels	p. 400
7.2.1 Maximum Ratio Combining	p. 402
7.2.2 Equal Gain Combining	p. 404
7.2.3 Selection Combining	p. 406
7.2.4 Effect of Received Signal Correlation on Error Performance	p. 407
7.2.5 Outage Probability with Receiver Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 408
7.3 Transmitter Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 409
7.4 Transmitter-Receiver Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 410
7.5 Results and Discussions of SIM-FSO with Spatial Diversity in a Log-Normal Atmospheric Channel	p. 411
7.6 SIM-FSO with Receiver Diversity in Gamma-Gamma and Negative Exponential Atmospheric Channels	p. 416
7.6.1 BER and Outage Probability of BPSK-SIM with Spatial Diversity	p. 416
7.6.2 BER and Outage Probability of DPSK-SIM in Negative Exponential Channels	p. 419
7.7 Terrestrial Free Space Optical Links with Subcarrier Time Diversity	p. 425
7.7.1 Error Performance with STDD	p. 425
7.7.1.1 Error Performance of Short-Range Links	p. 427
7.7.1.2 Error Performance of Long-Range Links	p. 428
7.7.1.3 Results and Discussion for Short-Range Links	p. 429
7.7.1.4 Results and Discussion for Long-Range Links	p. 430
7.8 Aperture Averaging	p. 432
7.8.1 Plane Wave	p. 432
7.8.2 Spherical Wave	p. 433
7.8.3 Gaussian Beam Wave	p. 434
Appendix 7.A p. 435
7.A.1 Sum of Log-Normal Distribution Mean and Variance Calculation	p. 435
Appendix 7.B p. 437
7.B.1 PDF of I max = max(I i }} N i=1 for Log-Normal-Distributed Variables	p. 437
Appendix 7.C p. 438
7.C.1 PDF of I max = max(I i }} N i=1 for Negative Exponential Distributed Variables	p. 438
References	p. 438
Chapter 8 Visible Light Communications	p. 443
8.1 Introduction	p. 443
8.2 System Description	p. 448
8.2.1 VLC System Model	p. 452
8.2.2 SNR Analysis	p. 463
8.2.3 Channel Delay Spread	p. 464
8.3 System Implementations	p. 467
8.3.1 Bit Angle Modulation	p. 469
8.3.2 Pulse Modulation Schemes	p. 470
8.3.3 PWM with Discrete Multitone Modulation	p. 472
8.3.4 Multilevel PWM-PPM	p. 474
8.3.5 PWM with NRZ-OOK	p. 476
8.4 Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output VLC	p. 477
8.5 Home Access Network	p. 486
References	p. 493
Index	p. 497

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Summary

Summary

Author Notes

Table of Contents