Space electronic reconnaissance : localization theories and methods

As the importance of space reconnaissance technology intensifies, more and more countries are investing money in building their own space reconnaissance satellites. Due to the secrecy and sensitivity of the operations, it is hard to find published papers and journals on the topic outside of military and governmental agencies. This book aims to fill the gap by presenting the various applications and basic principles of a very modern technology. The space electronic reconnaissance system in mono/multi-satellite platforms is a critical feature which can be used for detection, localization, tracking or identification of the various kinds of signal sources from radar, communication or navigation systems.

Localization technology in space electronic reconnaissance uses single or multiple satellite receivers which receive signals from radar, communication and navigation emitters in the ground, ocean and space to specify the location of emitter. The methods, principles and technologies of different space electronic reconnaissance localization systems are introduced in this book, as are their performances, and the various methods are explained and analysed. Digital simulations illustrate the results.

Presents the theories and applications of determining the position of an object in space through the use of satellites Introduces methods, principles and technologies of localization and tracking in the space electronic reconnaissance system, the localization algorithm and error in satellite system and near space platform system, and the tracking algorithm and error in single satellite-to-satellite tracking system Provides the fundamentals, the mathematics, the limitations, the measurements, and systems, of localization with emphasis on defence industry applications

Highly relevant for Engineers working in avionics, radar, communication, navigation and electronic warfare.

Chapters include:- the introduction of space electronic reconnaissance localization technology, knowledge about the satellite orbit and basic terminology of passive localization, single satellite geolocation technology based on direction finding, three-satellite geolocation technology based on time difference of arrival (TDOA), two-satellite geolocation technology based on TDOA and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA), the single satellite localization technology based on kinematics theory, localization principles of near-space platform electronic reconnaissance systems, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using bearings only(BO) information, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using bearings and frequency information, the orbit determination of single satellite-to-satellite tracking using frequency only(FO) information. Each chapter ends with a problem and solution section, some using Matlab code.

Author Notes

Fucheng Guo, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China
Yun Fan, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China
Yiyu Zhou, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China
Caigen Zhou, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China
Qiang Li, National University of Defense Technology, P.R. China

Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgments	p. xv
Acronyms	p. xvii
1 Introduction to Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation	p. 1
1.1 Introduction	p. 1
1.2 An Overview of Space Electronic Reconnaissance Geolocation Technology	p. 3
1.2.1 Geolocation of an Emitter on the Earth	p. 3
1.2.2 Tracking of an Emitter on a Satellite	p. 8
1.2.3 Geolocation by Near-Space Platforms	p. 9
1.3 Structure of a Typical SER System	p. 9
References	p. 11
2 Fundamentals of Satellite Orbit and Geolocation	p. 13
2.1 An Introduction to the Satellite and Its Orbit	p. 13
2.1.1 Kepler's Three Laws	p. 13
2.1.2 Classification of Satellite Orbits	p. 15
2.2 Orbit Parameters and State of Satellite	p. 18
2.2.1 Orbit Elements of a Satellite	p. 18
2.2.2 Definition of Several Arguments of Perigee and Their Correlations	p. 20
2.3 Definition of Coordinate Systems and Their Transformations	p. 21
2.3.1 Definition of Coordinate Systems	p. 21
2.3.2 Transformation between Coordinate Systems	p. 25
2.4 Spherical Model of the Earth for Geolocation	p. 27
2.4.1 Regular Spherical Model for Geolocation	p. 21
2.4.2 Ellipsoid Model of the Earth	p. 27
2.5 Coverage Area of a Satellite	p. 30
2.5.1 Approximate Calculation Method for the Coverage Area	p. 30
2.5.2 Examples of Calculation of the Coverage Area	p. 31
2.5.3 Side Reconnaissance Coverage Area	p. 33
2.6 Fundamentals of Geolocation	p. 33
2.6.1 Spatial Geolocation Plane	p. 34
2.6.2 Spatial Line of Position (LOP)	p. 34
2.7 Measurement Index of Geolocation Eitors	p. 38
2.7.1 General Definition of Error	p. 38
2.7.2 Geometrical Dilution of Precision (GDOP)	p. 40
2.7.3 Graphical Representation of the Geolocation Error	p. 40
2.7.4 Spherical Error Probability (SEP) and Circular Error Probability (CEP)	p. 41
2.8 Observability Analysis of Geolocation	p. 44
References	p. 45
3 Single-Satellite Geolocation System Based on Direction Finding	p. 47
3.1 Direction Finding Techniques	p. 47
3.1.1 Amplitude Comparison DP Technique	p. 48
3.1.2 Interferometer DF Technique	p. 40
3.1.3 Array-Based DF Technique	p. 55
3.1.4 Other DF Techniques	p. 57
3.2 Single-Satellite LOS Geolocation Method and Analysis	p. 57
3.2.1 Model of LOS Geolocation	p. 57
3.2.2 Solution of LOS Geolocation	p. 59
3.2.3 CRLB of the LOS Geolocation Error	p. 60
3.2.4 Simulation and Analysis of the LOS Geolocation Error	p. 62
3.2.5 Geometric Distribution of the LOS Geolocation Error	p. 63
3.3 Mullitimes Statistic LOS Geolocation	p. 64
3.3.1 Single-Satellite Mullitimes Triangulation	p. 65
3.3.2 Average for Single-Satellite Multitimes Geolocation	p. 66
3.3.3 Weighted Average for Single-Satellite Multitimes Geolocation	p. 67
3.3.4 Simulation of Single Satellite LOS Geolocation	p. 67
3.4 Single HLO Satellite LOS Geolocation	p. 73
3.4.1 Analysis of Single GEO Satellite I OS Geolocation	p. 73
3.4.2 Geosynchronous Satellite Multitimes LOS Geolocation	p. 74
References	p. 77
4 Multiple Satellites Geolocation Based on TDOA Measurement	p. 79
4.1 Three-Satellite Geolocation Based on a Regular Sphere	p. 80
4.1.1 Three-Satellite Geolocation Solution Method	p. 80
4.1.2 Multisatellite TDOA Geolocation Method	p. 82
4.1.3 CRLB of a Multisatellite TDOA Geolocation Error	p. 85
4.1.4 Osculation Error of the Spherical Earth Model	p. 86
4.2 Three-Satellite Geolocation Based on the WGS-84 Earth Surface Model	p. 88
4.2.1 Analytical Method	p. 89
4.2.2 Spherical Iteration Method	p. 92
4.2.3 Newton Iteration Method	p. 94
4.2.4 Performance Comparison among the Three Solution Methods	p. 96
4.2.5 Altitude Input Location Algorithm	p. 100
4.3 Ambiguity and No-Solution Problems of Geolocation	p. 102
4.3.1 Ambiguity Problem of Geolocation	p. 102
4.3.2 No-Solution Problem of Geolocation	p. 106
4.4 Error Analysis of Three-Satellite Geolocation	p. 109
4.4.1 Analysis of the Random Geolocation Error	p. 109
4.4.2 Analysis of Bias Caused by Altitude Assumption	p. 112
4.4.3 Influence of Change of the Constellation Geometric Configuration on GDOP	p. 114
4.5 Calibration Method of the Three-Satellite TDOA Geolocation System	p. 117
4.5.1 Four-Station Calibration Method and Analysis	p. 117
4.5.2 Three-Station Calibration Method	p. 125
References	p. 130
5 Dual-Satellite Geolocation Based on TDOA and FDOA	p. 133
5.1 Introduction of TDOA-FDOA Geolocation by a Dual Satellite	p. 133
5.1.1 Explanation of Dual Satellite Geolocation Theory	p. 133
5.1.2 Structure of Dual-Satellite TDOA FDOA Geolocation System	p. 134
5.2 Dual LEO Satellite TDOA-FDOA Geolocation Method	p. 136
5.2.1 Geolocation Model	p. 136
5.2.2 Solution Method of Algebraic Analysis	p. 138
5.2.3 Approximate Anal vtical Method for Same-Orbit Satellites	p. 141
5.2.4 Method for Eliminating an Ambiguous Geolocation Point	p. 143
5.3 Error Analysis for TDOA-FDOA Geolocation	p. 144
5.3.1 Analytic Method for the Geolocation Error	p. 144
5.3.2 GDOP of the Dual LEO Satellite Geolocation Error	p. 146
5.3.3 Analysis of Various Factors Influencing GDOP	p. 151
5.4 Dual HKO Satellite TDOA-FDOA Geolocation	p. 152
5.4.1 Dual Geosynchronous Orbit Satellites TDOA - FDOA Geolocation	p. 152
5.4.2 Calibration Method Based on Reference Sources	p. 155
5.4.3 C'alibration Method Using Multiple Reference Source?	p. 159
5.4.4 Flow of Calibration and Geolocation	p. 164
5.5 Method of Measuring TDOA and FDOA	p. 165
5.5.1 The Cross-Ambiguity Function	p. 165
5.5.2 Tlieoretical Analysis on the TDOA TDOA Measurement Performance	p. 166
5.5.3 Segment Correlation Accumulation Method for CAF Computation	p. 168
5.5.4 Resolution of Multiple Signals of the Same Time and Same Frequency	p. 172
References	p. 174
6 Single-Satellite Geolocation System Based on the Kinematic Principle	p. 177
6.1 Single-Satellite Geolocation Model	p. 177
6.2 Single-Satellite Single-Antenna Frequency-Only Based Geolocation	p. 179
6.2.1 Frequency-Only Based Geolocation Method	p. 179
6.2.2 Analysis of the Geolocation Error	p. 180
6.2.3 Analysis of the Frequency-Only Based Geolocation Error	p. 181
6.3 Single-Satellite Geolocation by the Frequency Changing Rate Only	p. 183
6.3.1 Model of Geolocation by the Frequency Changing Rate Only	p. 183
6.3.2 CRLB of the Geolocation Error	p. 185
6.3.3 Geolocation Simulation	p. 186
6.4 Single Satellite Single-Antenna TOA-Only Geolocation	p. 186
6.4.1 Model and Method of TOA-Only Geolocation	p. 186
6.4.2 Analysis of the Geolocation Error	p. 180
6.4.3 Geolocation Simulation	p. 102
6.5 Single-Satellite Interferometer Phase Rate of Changing Only Geolocation	p. 192
6.5.1 Geolocation Model	p. 192
6.5.2 Geolocation Algorithm	p. 195
6.5.3 CRLB of the Geolocation Error	p. 196
6.5.4 Calculation Analysis of the Geolocation Error	p. 197
References	p. 201
7 Geolocation by Near-Space Platforms	p. 203
7.1 An Overview of Geolocation by Near-Space Platforms	p. 203
7.1.1 Near-Space Platform Overview	p. 203
7.1.2 Geolocation by the Near-Space Platform	p. 204
7.2 Multi platform Triangulation	p. 204
7.2.1 Theory of 2D Triangulation	p. 204
7.2.2 Error Analysis for Dual-Station Triangulation	p. 205
7.2.3 Optimal Geometric Configuration of Observers	p. 207
7.3 Multiplatform TDOA Geolocation	p. 211
7.3.1 Theory of Multi platform TDOA Geolocation	p. 211
7.3.2 2D TDOA Geolocation Algorithm	p. 212
7.3.3 TDOA Geolocation Using the Altitude Assumption	p. 215
7.3.4 3D TDOA Geolocation Algorithm	p. 215
7.4 Localization Theory by a Single Platform	p. 217
7.4 A Measurement Model of localization	p. 218
7.4.2 A 2D Approximate Localization Method	p. 219
7.4.3 MGEKF (Modified Gain Extended Kalman Filter) Localization Method	p. 221
7.4.4 Simulation	p. 223
References	p. 225
8 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination by Bearings Only	p. 227
8.1 Introduction	p. 227
8.2 Model and Method of Bearings-Only Passive Tracking	p. 227
8.2.1 Mathematic Model in the Case of the Two-Body Problem	p. 228
8.2.2 Tracking Method in the Case of the. Two-Body Model	p. 229
8.2.3 Mathematical Model Considering J 2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness	p. 232
8.2.4 Tracking Method Considering J 2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness	p. 233
8.3 System Observability Analysis	p. 235
8.3.1 Description Method for System Observability	p. 235
8.3.2 Influence of Factors on the State Equation	p. 236
8.3.3 Influence of Factors on the Measurement Equation	p. 237
8.4 Tracking Simulation and Analysis	p. 239
8.4.1 Simulation in the Case of the Two Body Model	p. 241
8.4.2 Simulation Considering J2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness	p. 251
8.5 Summary	p. 258
References	p. 259
9 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Tracking Based on Angle and Frequency Informal ion	p. 261
9.1 Introduction of Passive Tracking	p. 261
9.2 Tracking Model and Method	p. 262
9.2.1 Mathematic Model in the Case of the Two-Body Model	p. 262
9.2.2 Tracking Method in the Case of the Two-Body Model	p. 263
9.2.3 Mathematical Models Considering J 2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness	p. 266
9.2.4 Tracking Method Considering J 2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness	p. 267
9.3 System Observability Analysis	p. 268
9.3.1 Influence of Factors of the State Equation	p. 269
9.3.2 Influence of Factors of the Measurement Equation	p. 269
9.4 Simulation and Its Analysis	p. 277
9.4.1 Simulation in the Case of the Two-Body Model	p. 278
9.4.2 Simulation Considering J 2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness	p. 296
9.5 Summary	p. 308
References	p. 309
10 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination Based on Frequency Only	p. 311
10.1 The Theory and Mathematical Model of Passive Orbit Determination Bused on Frequency Only	p. 313
10.1.1 The Theory of Orbit Determination Based on Frequency Only	p. 313
10.1.2 The System Model in the Case of the Two-Body Model	p. 313
10.1.3 The System Model for J 2 Perturbation of Earth Oblateness	p. 315
10.2 Satellite-to-Satellite Passive Orbit Determination Based on PSO and Frequency	p. 317
10.2.1 Introduction of Panicle Swarm Optimization (PSO)	p. 317
10.2.2 Orbit Determination Method Based on the PSO Algorithm	p. 319
10.3 System Observability Analysis	p. 320
10.3.1 Simulation Scenario 1	p. 322
10.3.2 Simulation Scenario 2	p. 323
10.3.3 Simulation Scenario 3	p. 325
10.4 CRLB of the Orbit Parameter Estimation Error	p. 329
10.5 Orbit Detennination and Tracking Simulation and Its Analysis	p. 333
10.5.1 Simulation in the. Case of the Two-Body Model	p. 334
10.5.2 Simulation in the Case of Considering the Perturbation	p. 347
References	p. 348
11 A Prospect of Space Electronic Reconnaissance Technology	p. 349
Appendix Transformation of Orbit Elements, State and Coordinates of Satellites in Two-Body Motion	p. 351
Index	p. 355

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