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Summary
Summary
All relevant components of a mobile radio system, from digital modulation techniques over channel coding through to network aspects, are determined by the propagation characteristics of the channel. Therefore, a precise knowledge of mobile radio channels is crucial for the development, evaluation and test of current and future mobile radio communication systems. This volume deals with the modelling, analysis, and simulation of mobile fading channels and provides a fundamental understanding of many issues that are currently being investigated in the area of mobile fading channel modelling. The author strongly emphasises the detailed derivation of the presented channel models and conveys a high degree of mathematical unity to the reader.
* Introduces the fundamentals of stochastic and deterministic channel models
* Features the modelling and simulation of frequency-nonselective fading channels (Rayleigh channels, Rice channels, generalized Rice channels, Nakagami channels, various types of Suzuki channels, classical and modified Loo model)
* Presents the modelling and simulation of frequency-selective fading channels (WSSUS models, DGUS models, channel models according to COST 207)
* Discusses the methods used for the design and realization of efficient channel simulators
* Examines the design, realization, and analysis of fast channel simulators
* Includes MATLABâ programs for the evaluation and simulation of mobile fading channels
MATLABâ is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.
Telecommunication engineers, computer scientists, and physicists will all find this text both informative and instructive. It is also be an indispensable reference for postgraduate and senior undergraduate students of telecommunication and electrical engineering.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 The Evolution of Mobile Radio Systems | p. 1 |
1.2 Basic Knowledge of Mobile Radio Channels | p. 3 |
1.3 Structure of This Book | p. 7 |
2 Random Variables, Stochastic Processes, and Deterministic Signals | p. 11 |
2.1 Random Variables | p. 11 |
2.1.1 Important Probability Density Functions | p. 15 |
2.1.2 Functions of Random Variables | p. 19 |
2.2 Stochastic Processes | p. 20 |
2.2.1 Stationary Processes | p. 22 |
2.2.2 Ergodic Processes | p. 25 |
2.2.3 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades | p. 25 |
2.3 Deterministic Continuous-Time Signals | p. 27 |
2.4 Deterministic Discrete-Time Signals | p. 29 |
3 Rayleigh and Rice Processes as Reference Models | p. 33 |
3.1 General Description of Rice and Rayleigh Processes | p. 34 |
3.2 Elementary Properties of Rice and Rayleigh Processes | p. 35 |
3.3 Statistical Properties of Rice and Rayleigh Processes | p. 39 |
3.3.1 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the Phase | p. 39 |
3.3.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades | p. 41 |
3.3.3 The Statistics of the Fading Intervals of Rayleigh Processes | p. 46 |
4 Introduction to the Theory of Deterministic Processes | p. 55 |
4.1 Principle of Deterministic Channel Modelling | p. 56 |
4.2 Elementary Properties of Deterministic Processes | p. 59 |
4.3 Statistical Properties of Deterministic Processes | p. 63 |
4.3.1 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the Phase | p. 64 |
4.3.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades | p. 72 |
4.3.3 Statistics of the Fading Intervals at Low Levels | p. 77 |
4.3.4 Ergodicity and Criteria for the Performance Evaluation | p. 78 |
5 Methods for the Computation of the Model Parameters of Deterministic Processes | p. 81 |
5.1 Methods for the Computation of the Discrete Doppler Frequencies and Doppler Coefficients | p. 83 |
5.1.1 Method of Equal Distances (MED) | p. 83 |
5.1.2 Mean-Square-Error Method (MSEM) | p. 90 |
5.1.3 Method of Equal Areas (MEA) | p. 95 |
5.1.4 Monte Carlo Method (MCM) | p. 104 |
5.1.5 L[subscript p]-Norm Method (LPNM) | p. 113 |
5.1.6 Method of Exact Doppler Spread (MEDS) | p. 128 |
5.1.7 Jakes Method (JM) | p. 133 |
5.2 Methods for the Computation of the Doppler Phases | p. 143 |
5.3 Fading Intervals of Deterministic Rayleigh Processes | p. 145 |
6 Frequency-Nonselective Stochastic and Deterministic Channel Models | p. 155 |
6.1 The Extended Suzuki Process of Type I | p. 157 |
6.1.1 Modelling and Analysis of the Short-Term Fading | p. 157 |
6.1.1.1 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the Phase | p. 165 |
6.1.1.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades | p. 166 |
6.1.2 Modelling and Analysis of the Long-Term Fading | p. 169 |
6.1.3 The Stochastic Extended Suzuki Process of Type I | p. 172 |
6.1.4 The Deterministic Extended Suzuki Process of Type I | p. 176 |
6.1.5 Applications and Simulation Results | p. 181 |
6.2 The Extended Suzuki Process of Type II | p. 185 |
6.2.1 Modelling and Analysis of the Short-Term Fading | p. 186 |
6.2.1.1 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the Phase | p. 190 |
6.2.1.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades | p. 193 |
6.2.2 The Stochastic Extended Suzuki Process of Type II | p. 196 |
6.2.3 The Deterministic Extended Suzuki Process of Type II | p. 200 |
6.2.4 Applications and Simulation Results | p. 205 |
6.3 The Generalized Rice Process | p. 208 |
6.3.1 The Stochastic Generalized Rice Process | p. 209 |
6.3.2 The Deterministic Generalized Rice Process | p. 213 |
6.3.3 Applications and Simulation Results | p. 217 |
6.4 The Modified Loo Model | p. 218 |
6.4.1 The Stochastic Modified Loo Model | p. 218 |
6.4.1.1 Autocorrelation Function and Doppler Power Spectral Density | p. 222 |
6.4.1.2 Probability Density Function of the Amplitude and the Phase | p. 225 |
6.4.1.3 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades | p. 228 |
6.4.2 The Deterministic Modified Loo Model | p. 230 |
6.4.3 Applications and Simulation Results | p. 236 |
7 Frequency-Selective Stochastic and Deterministic Channel Models | p. 241 |
7.1 The Ellipses Model of Parsons and Bajwa | p. 244 |
7.2 System Theoretical Description of Frequency-Selective Channels | p. 245 |
7.3 Frequency-Selective Stochastic Channel Models | p. 250 |
7.3.1 Correlation Functions | p. 250 |
7.3.2 The WSSUS Model According to Bello | p. 251 |
7.3.2.1 WSS Models | p. 251 |
7.3.2.2 US Models | p. 253 |
7.3.2.3 WSSUS Models | p. 253 |
7.3.3 The Channel Models According to COST 207 | p. 259 |
7.4 Frequency-Selective Deterministic Channel Models | p. 267 |
7.4.1 System Functions of Frequency-Selective Deterministic Channel Models | p. 267 |
7.4.2 Correlation Functions and Power Spectral Densities of DGUS Models | p. 272 |
7.4.3 Delay Power Spectral Density, Doppler Power Spectral Density, and Characteristic Quantities of DGUS Models | p. 276 |
7.4.4 Determination of the Model Parameters of DGUS Models | p. 281 |
7.4.4.1 Determination of the discrete propagation delays and delay coefficients | p. 281 |
7.4.4.2 Determination of the discrete Doppler frequencies and Doppler coefficients | p. 283 |
7.4.4.3 Determination of the Doppler phases | p. 284 |
7.4.5 Deterministic Simulation Models for the Channel Models According to COST 207 | p. 284 |
8 Fast Channel Simulators | p. 289 |
8.1 Discrete Deterministic Processes | p. 290 |
8.2 Realization of Discrete Deterministic Processes | p. 292 |
8.2.1 Tables System | p. 292 |
8.2.2 Matrix System | p. 295 |
8.2.3 Shift Register System | p. 297 |
8.3 Properties of Discrete Deterministic Processes | p. 297 |
8.3.1 Elementary Properties of Discrete Deterministic Processes | p. 298 |
8.3.2 Statistical Properties of Discrete Deterministic Processes | p. 305 |
8.3.2.1 Probability Density Function and Cumulative Distribution Function of the Amplitude and the Phase | p. 306 |
8.3.2.2 Level-Crossing Rate and Average Duration of Fades | p. 313 |
8.4 Realization Expenditure and Simulation Speed | p. 315 |
8.5 Comparison with the Filter Method | p. 317 |
Appendix A Derivation of the Jakes Power Spectral Density and the Corresponding Autocorrelation Function | p. 321 |
Appendix B Derivation of the Level-Crossing Rate of Rice Processes with Different Spectral Shapes of the Underlying Gaussian Random Processes | p. 325 |
Appendix C Derivation of the Exact Solution of the Level-Crossing Rate and the Average Duration of Fades of Deterministic Rice Processes | p. 329 |
Appendix D Analysis of the Relative Model Error by Using the Monte Carlo Method in Connection with the Jakes Power Spectral Density | p. 341 |
Appendix E Specification of Further L-Path Channel Models According to Cost 207 | p. 343 |
Matlab-Programs | p. 347 |
Abbreviations | p. 377 |
Symbols | p. 379 |
Bibliography | p. 391 |
Index | p. 409 |